【作者】 程安玮；

【导师】 崔为正；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 特种经济动物饲养， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 家蚕人工饲料育是蚕业史上一项划时代的技术革新，具有桑叶育无法比拟的优越性，是我国蚕业今后发展的方向。但目前无论在理论上还是实用化方面都还存在许多有待解决的问题。普通蒸煮人工饲料存在着成本高，加工调制工艺烦琐，饲养技术难度大，蚕的摄食性差，饲料的贮存运输困难，以及无专用的蚕品种等问题，限制了我国小蚕人工饲料育的实用化。颗粒人工饲料可克服普通饲料的许多缺点，有利于在生产上的推广应用。本文就颗粒人工饲料加工工艺对有效成分的影响，家蚕对颗粒饲料的摄食性及其影响因素，消化吸收和转化效率，颗粒饲料的调制方法和养蚕技术，小蚕颗粒人工饲料育的实用化等进行了探讨，主要取得以下研究结果。 1、颗粒人工饲料的加工工艺对饲料中有效成分破坏性较小，粗蛋白含量基本没有变化，相同配方的颗粒饲料与蒸煮饲料相比，颗粒饲料中Vc保存量明显高于蒸煮饲料，而粗脂肪含量低于蒸煮饲料。 2、蚕对粗蛋白的消化吸收率颗粒饲料高于蒸煮饲料，对粗脂肪的消化吸收率则相反。但挤压膨化能改善饲料的内在品质，使饲料的总消化率提高。 3、家蚕对颗粒饲料具有良好的适应性，其嗅觉反应和摄食反应与蒸煮切片饲料无明显差异。 4、颗粒饲料加水量和光照条件对摄食性有显著影响。加水量在1.6～1.8倍范围内蚕的摄食性最好。不同光照条件下摄食性为：黑暗育＞自然光照＞全日光照。 5、颗粒饲料的加水量与蚕的生长发育有很大关系，小蚕期适宜加水量为饲料干重的1.8倍，大蚕期为1.6倍。只要饲料吸水充分、均匀，吸水时间对蚕的生长发育没有显著影响，考虑到饲料离散性和给饵操作，吸水时间以1h左右为宜。 6、增加给饵次数有利于小蚕的生长发育。1～2龄蚕的最适给饵量为50mg/头；适宜饲养密度为1.5头/cm~2；在一定范围内，单位蚕体重食下量与给饵量和饲养密度没有明显的相关性；随着给饵量的增加和饲养密度的降低，蚕的总食下量增加，但食下率降低。 7、颗粒饲料育饲育环境对蚕的生长发育有明显影响，其中温度和光照是关键因素。小蚕期以29～30℃黑暗育成绩最好，随着龄期的增进，所需的最适温度逐渐降低。温度和光照两者之间存在一定的相互作用。 8、颗粒饲料中添加0.01％～0.2％的Vc对家蚕的摄食性没有明显影响，添加0.2％～0.4％的Vc能增加眠蚕体重，超过0.6％后有显著抑制作用；从生长发育来看，Vc的最适添加量为0.25％。1～2龄期颗粒饲料中无需另外添加Vb，3龄后添加0.1%的Vb能增加眠蚕体重。颗粒饲料中添加一定量的肌醇能促进蚕的摄食和生长发育，最适添加量为0.4%。添加蔗糖对生长发育和摄食性无促进作用，相反，过量添加会增加饲料粘度，抑制蚕的生长发育。 9、蚕品种与摄食性有很大关系，广食性蚕对颗粒饲料的适应性总体上优于普通蚕品种著松x皓月，并且同属于广食性的不同品种之间也有一定差异。 10、生产试验表明，小蚕对颗粒饲料的摄食性稍低于桑叶，1~2龄龄期经过比桑叶育有所延长，但改换为桑叶育后，发育经过基本相同，且稍短于桑叶育，3龄前眠蚕体重低于桑叶育，3龄后生长加快并高于桑计卜育。除上茧率和结茧率略低于桑叶育外，颗粒饲料育各项茧质指标均略高于全龄桑叶育。 11、在系统试验研究的基础上，以提高摄食性、生长发育和饲育成绩为目标，并根据我国的国情，提出了小蚕颗粒饲料育饲养技术体系，制定了符合农村小蚕共育要求的饲养技术规范。生产上采用l一2龄颗粒人工饲料小蚕共育技术，比普通蒸煮饲料育提高工效5倍以上，比桑叶育提高10倍以上，综合经济效益提高20%以·上。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is an epoch-making technical innovation in sericulture history to rear silkworm with artificial diet. Rearing silkworm with artificial diet has unique superiority over mulberry leaf rearing. It is also the major direction in the future development of sericulture in China. However, there are still lots of unsolved problems left in whether theory or practical utilization now. There are main obstacles to restricting the practical use of rearing young silkworm with common artificial diet in our country, such as high diet cost, trivial details of diet processing and preparation, extremely difficult rearing technique, poor feeding habit of silkworm, difficulty in reservation and transportation of diet and no special purpose silkworm variety etc. This paper studied the effect of processing craft on nutritious ingredients of pellet artificial diet, the effect of the feeding habit and digestibility and utilization as well as influential factors of silkworm, the author also discussed the way of modulating of diet, rearing technique and the practical use of rearing young silkworm with pellet artificial diet etc. The main results are as follows.1. When artificial diet was processed into pellet forms, the available ingredients for silkworm were destroyed a little. Results showed that there was no remarkable change in content of crude protein. Preservation of Vc of pellet artificial diet was high, but content of crude fat was low compared with cooking artificial diet.2. Digestibility and absorption of crude protein of rearing silkworm with pellet artificial diet was higher than that of cooking diet, while crude fat was opposite. Inner quality of diet was improved by extrusion bulking, and the whole digestibility of pellet artificial diet was increased.3. Silkworms rearing with pellet artificial diet have good feeding habit, and therewere no obvious differences on olfaction and feeding habit compared with thoserearing with cooking diet.4. There were significant influences of the water amount of pellet artificial diet and light condition on feeding habit. The range of suitable water amount was 1.6-1.8 times, in this range, feeding habit of silkworm was best. The order of feeding habit is that dark rearing is better than nature illumination rearing, and nature illumination rearing is better than light rearing in the different light conditions.5. There was a remarkable relation between water amount and growth and development. The suitable amount of water was 1.8 times when rearing young silkworm with pellet artificial diet, and it was 1.6 times when rearing growth silkworm. So long as artificial diet absorbed water sufficiency and equality, there was no significant effect of time which absorbed water on growth and development. Considering the disperse of diet and rearing manipulation, the suitable time was about 1 h.6. The growth and development of young silkworm was enhanced with the increasing of rearing times. The suitable feeding amount was 50mg/head in 1-2 instars of young silkworm; the suitable rearing density was 1.5head/cm2; in the definite range, there was no significant relativity between amount of ingestion of unit weight body and feeding amount or rearing density; with feeding amount increasing or rearing density decreasing, digestion of dry food increased, but rate of ingestion decreased.7. There was significant effect of rearing environment on growth and development of silkworm, in which temperature and light were key factors. The best rearing environment was 29℃-30℃, dark rearing. With the instar increasing, the suitable temperature decreased gradually. There was infinite reciprocity between temperature and light.8. There were no significant effect of additive 0.01%-0.2% Vc in pellet artificial diet on feeding habit of silkworm, in the range of additive 0.2%-0.4%Vc, weight of molter body was increased, but exceeding of 0.6%, there was significant restraint on feeding habit; in the view of growth and development, the suitable additive was 0.25%. There was no nee更多还原