【作者】 王忠波；

【导师】 马淑珠； 刘庆华；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 农业水土工程， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 本课题是哈尔滨市科委重大科技攻关项目《棚室蔬菜塑料拉链暗管渗灌技术的应用研究》的重要组成内容。本论文通过拉链式塑料管大气、土壤中的渗流试验研究，以及在大棚蔬菜(番茄)栽培应用拉链式塑料管渗灌的试验研究，希望为保护地蔬菜栽培灌水方法的革新和渗灌灌水技术的发展、拉链式塑料管作为渗灌管的可行性和优越性提供理论依据。 渗灌是一种地下微灌形式，在低压条件下，通过埋于作物根系活动层的灌水器(微孔渗灌管)，根据作物的生长需水要求适时适量地向土壤中渗水供给作物。它是迄今为止最节水的一种灌水方法，具有省水、节能、增产、提高棚室空气温度和地温、降低棚室空气湿度、减少病虫害、少施农药和化肥等优点。但渗灌还不是一种成熟的灌水方法，渗灌的发展，首先取决于渗灌管的研制；其次是阻碍渗灌发展的两大难题：渗灌的灌水均匀度和渗灌管的堵塞两大难题的解决与控制。针对以上问题，本试验采用已获得国家专利的拉链式塑料管作为渗灌管，进行棚室蔬菜栽培渗灌灌水试验，以期为拉链式渗灌管在棚室蔬菜生产中提供理论依据和数据支持。 本论文首先对拉链式塑料管大气、土壤中的渗流规律进行了试验研究。由于拉链式塑料管的独特构造(拉链式渗水孔口)，裸管(渗水孔口不采用任何防堵材料)情况下渗流量很大，所以本部分试验采用了几种防渗材料试验，最后通过比较分析，找到了合适的防渗材料(氯汀胶粘无纺布)和工作水头(初始灌水时3m工作水头)。 第二部分对渗灌管埋深对灌水均匀度和土壤水分分布的影响进行了试验研究。试验设3个处理，埋深分别是：25cm(A处理)、35cm(B处理)和45cm(C处理)。通过对各处理灌水均匀度和土壤水分分布的观测、分析，认为渗灌管埋深35cm时对蔬菜栽培是比较合适的。此时灌水均匀度高，灌溉水大部分分布在蔬菜主要根系区。 第三部分对棚室番茄渗灌和沟灌进行了全面的对比试验，通过试验可以得出渗灌较沟灌省水、节能、增产、提高棚室空气温度和地温、降低棚室空气湿度、减少病虫害等一系列优点。 第四部分对拉链式渗灌管的抗堵塞性能进行了试验研究。由于拉链式塑料管的独特构造(拉链式渗水孔口)，所以它的堵塞主要应是负压堵塞和生物堵塞，为此设2个处理：氯汀胶粘无纺布和氯汀胶粘无纺布并外涂一层乳化沥青进行试验研究。通过试验分析认为：采用氯汀胶粘无纺布的防堵效果较好，拉链式渗灌管的抗堵塞性能极佳。 本论文的研究成果将对新型拉链式渗灌管的推广和应用，对渗灌技术的发展，对保护地蔬菜生产具有重要的现实意义，同时对节水灌溉的发展将会提供一定的借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 This task is an important part of a major technical item undertaken by Science Commission in Harbin city which centered around the applied research on the technique of percolation irrigation with zippered plastic buried pipe. This thesis aims at promoting the innovation on irrigation methods and the development of irrigation techniques in vegetable cultivation, and also provides for percolation irrigation by way of experimental study on the seepage flow both in air and soil with zippered plastic pipes and on the application of percolation with zippered plastic pipes to vegetable tomato cultivation in shelves.Percolation irrigation takes way of underground micro-irrigation which worked with the aid of micro pore pipes for percolation that is buried at root zone. And the crops’ demand for water can be met by percolating through the soil on the condition of low pressure at the right time with right volume. It is one of the best water-saving irrigation methods that can save water in the highest degree for such advantages as saving water, saving energy, increasing production, raising air temperature and ground temperature inside the shelf, lowering air humidity inside the shelf, decreasing plight and reducing the use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer, etc. But percolation irrigation is far from a ripe irrigation method for the problems existing in the development of pipes for PI and the two difficult problems which hamper the development of PI(one is the low uniformity degree irrigation, the other is the blockage in percolation irrigation pipes). In view of the above problems, zippered plastic pipes which have obtained patent was adopted as PI pipe in the providing theoretical basis and data support for the application of zippered PI pipes to the vegetable cultivation in shelves.This thesis, firstly, made an experimental study on the seepage flow both in air and oil with zippered plastic pipes. The special structure of zippered plastic pipe zippered seep holes made a greater seepage quantity on the condition of bare pipe (no anti-blocking material adopted at the mouth of seep holes ).so several kinds of anti-seepage material were adopted in the experiment of this part in order to find the proper anti-seepage material (nonwoven fabrics glued by neoprene) and working head (3m’s working herd on initial irrigation).In the second part of the thesis, an experimental study on the effect of embedded depth on the uniformity coefficient of irrigation and the distribution of soil moisture was made. There are three treatments in the experiment this part, the embedded depth being 25cm(A treatment), 35cm(B treatment)and 45cm(C treatment) respectively. After the observation and analysis on the uniformity coefficient of irrigation and the distribution of soil moisture under each different treatment, a result was got that 35cnrs embedded depth is comparatively appropriate for vegetable cultivation for the high uniformity coefficient and the vegetable cultivation for the high uniformity coefficient and the concentrated distribution of irrigation water in the main root zone. In the third part, a comprehensive check experiment was made on percolation irrigation andfurrow irrigation: the percolation irrigation is superior to the furrow irrigation for such advantages as saving water, saving energy, increasing production, raising air temperature and ground temperature inside the shelf, lowering air humidity inside the shelf and reducing plights, and ect.The fourth part is an experimental study on the anti-blocking performance of zippered plastic pipes. Negative pressure blockage and biological blockage are two main forms of blockage for the special structure of zippered plastic pipes, so two treatments were made here:(i) nonwoven fabrics glued by neoprene and(ii) nonwoven fabrics glued by neoprene with a layer of asphalt emulsion applied outside. The result is that nonwoven fabrics glued by neoprene is more effective in anti-blockage, and zippered plastic pipes are superior in blockage-proof performance.The end prod更多还原