中国电信业在入世环境下的发展策略

【作者】 林泽峰；

【导师】 薛书武；

【作者基本信息】 对外经济贸易大学 ， 国际贸易， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 . 第一章简单回顾了国内外电信业的发展现状和趋势。我国电信业自改革开放以来获得了长足的发展：从八十年代电话的装机难到2002年的固定电话突破4亿户、移动电话突破2亿户，我们一共只用了短短十几年的时间。与此同时国际电信业在保持语音业务平稳发展的同时，基于internet的数据业务却呈现出爆炸性的增长。国际电信市场在技术发展的带动下日益自由化，我国也已承诺了在加入WTO后的一定年限内开放国内电信市场。第二章评论了目前中国电信业基于拆分和重组的改革。为了加强国内电信业的竞争力， 我国于1998年和2002年对电信业进行了拆分和重组，形成了目前以中国电信，中国网通、中国移动、中国联通、中国铁通为主，中国卫通为辅，4000多家增值电信，无线寻呼企业相互竞争的“5+1”电信市场新格局。我们改革的目的是使中国电信业从行政化垄断走向市场化垄断，从而在市场有序竞争中提高我国电信企业的国际竞争能力。 第三章涉及到与拆分密切相关的新竞争者进入壁垒问题和政府管制问题。进入壁垒的经济学分析主要考虑原消费者的路径依赖、电信业的沉没成本和垄断者的反竞争行为等三个问题。路径依赖问题使得消费者在沿袭使用某种特定服务的时候，即使有所损失，仍愿意以某种固定方式接受这项服务。沉没成本问题指新竞争者由于没有获得足够的用户而使得前期投资无法收回，从而变成沉没成本。垄断者的反竞争行为则其利用市场领先地位，采取种种手段限制新竞争者加入市场的行为。这些问题的存在都使得新进入者难以在市场上立足。解决之道主要靠新竞争者自己所具备的某些独特优势和政府管制的作用。新竞争者具有后发优势，可以采用新技术合理切入市场。政府管制的目标是社会福利最大化,但只有政府管制与电信市场结构的变化相对称，政府的公共利益目标才能够实现。面对拆分后所形成的电信市场新格局，政府管制也要进行相应的改革：一方面要在政策环境上颁布适应新形势的规章制度，另一方面要适当的扶持新竞争者，以利于市场有效竞争的展开。第四章讲到电信业的制度创新。对于拆分后各大电信运营商以及扶持起来的新竞争者们，如何防止它们重新回到行政化垄断的老路就成为了我们要解决的关键问题。这就涉及到了中国电信业的制度创新。从对我国电信业的制度分析来看，我国电信业在宏观管理和微观主体上还有许多不足。在宏观管理上，政府部门还在相当大的程度上直接干预和影响着电信业的改革与发展进程，对电信业的管理还没有完全过渡到法治的轨道上来。在微观主体上,充满活力、具有典型的现代企业制度特征的经营主体并没有得以确立。但是电信业的制度创新涉及到对相关主体的影响，这其中既有对运营商和消费者的影响，又有对相关政府权力部门的影响，既有阻力，又有推动力。综合各个因素的考虑，结合我国加入世贸的大环<WP=3>境，我国电信业的制度创新主要包括监管部门和电信企业两个层面。在监管层面上我们要使监管机构在管制经费市场化的基础上进一步独立，发挥专家咨询委员会在监管中的作用，并促使行业自律机构积极参与到管制行为中来。在电信企业层面上，已经完成的企业间分拆合并等重组方案只是行动的第一步,第二步是要在这基础上建立完善的资本市场，经理市场和相应的社会保障体系，从而培育出一批有强竞争能力的民族电信大集团。 第五章论述中国电信企业在入世后如何提高竞争能力。首先要加快电信行业内部各运营企业的自身建设，深化企业内部改革,大力推进现代企业制度建设，制定实现经营目标的组织管理模式。其次要促进电信运营企业之间的合作竞争。无论从无序竞争造成的危害和损失、企业效益的长期稳定和提高，还是从行业监管的逐步完善和效能来看，合作竞争都是中国电信业各大运营商的恰当选择。合作竞争追求的是合作，但也不放弃竞争，这正是符合客观规律的事物两重性。各电信运营商合作竞争的基础是网络间的互联互通，互联互通同时也是合作竞争的基础。接着电信运营企业要努力开创电信营销的新局面。电信服务不但是互联互通和全程全网的，而且还具有无形性和非实体性。因此对电信企业来说，树立良好的服务形象就尤为重要。这不仅要求强化员工服务意识,提高服务技能,规范服务窗口，还需要拓展服务渠道,贴近客户。在良好服务形象的基础上电信企业要进行服务创新,努力开发新的服务项目，提高电信服务的技术含量。电信企业在任何服务项目的开发上,都必须在把服务推出之前就进行精心的设计。如果服务得不到很好的设计,就得不到市场的响应,就会偏离客户的需要,就会使客户的期望和实际经历之间出现差距,恶化客户感知到的服务质量。在此同时电信企业还要高度重视营销人才的培养，因为企业营销创新成功与否归根到底要取决于企业是否能拥有一批合格的、知识型的营销人才。最后一点是在入世环境下我国电信企业要提高自身的国际竞争力。 国际竞争力是竞争力资产与竞争力过程的统一，是一个动态的、相对的指标,在不同的时间、空间条件下,各构成要素的影响和作用是不完全均等的。对此我们不但要加快电信业的法制建设工作，而且要使电信企业在生产经营与资本经营上实现“两条腿”?更多还原

【Abstract】 Our telecommunication industry has gained great achievement since the implementation of the reform policy: the total number of telephone users has exceeded 400000000,in which the number of mobile phone is 200000000. All these change has taken place no longer than decades. At the same time when the international telecommunication sees the continual growth of the voice business, the Internet based data business has showed explosive growth. Led by rapid technical development the international telecommunication market is more deregulation than usual today. China has made its commitment to open the domestic telecommunication market several years after the entry of the WTORecently in order to raise the competency of our telecommunication industry, we has underwent the reorganization of the telecommunication in 1998 and 2002. Nowadays there are not only six main telecommunication operators: China Telecom、CNC、China Mobile 、China Unicom、China Railway Communication、 China Satellite Communication, but also 4000 value-added small operators and pager enterprises. The purpose of our reform is change the domestic telecommunication from administrative monopoly to the real market monopoly. Through the analysis of the effect to competitive efficiency 、 customer welfare and the development of the telecommunication, we can draw the conclusion that only the part style split is the most efficient way for our telecommunication industry to enhance its competence.Concerning the reorganization we now discuss problem of the bulwark for new suppliers to enter the market and the government regulation. The economic analysis of the bulwark problem take three considerations into account: the route dependence 、the sunk cost and anti-competition behavior. The route dependence happens when customers will accept certain service even it means that they must lost some benefits. The sunk cost problem means that new suppliers will not cover their investment due to the lack of users. The anti-competition behavior refer to the all kinds of methods used by the market-lead monopolizer to impede the new competitor. All those mentioned problems form the bulwark in the market. Solutions to these problems lies on two sides: the unique advantages for the new competitors and the reform of government regulation. The new competitors can use the latest technology to enter the market properly. The goal for the government regulation is to maximize the social welfare. Such goal can realize only when the way of the regulation is suit for the change of the telecommunication market. The government regulation must undergo some reform after the reorganization of the telecommunication industry: in one side to enact new regulations under new environment, in another side to support the new competitors for a competitive market. <WP=5>Another key issue is to prevent the telecommunication industry after the reorganization from rebuild the administrative monopoly. The solution for this issue concerning the institutional innovation in this industry. Analyzing the domestic telecommunication system, we can see there are many shortcomings in macro-management and micro-body. In macro-management the direct administrative order plays a important role in the reform and development process of the telecommunication industry. The macro-management is not built on nomocracy base. The micro-body lacks the kind of energetic、modern corporation system The telecommunication institutional innovation exert effect to some related groups, such as operators、customers and government departments. Some may support the institutional innovation, some may opposite it. Take all considerations into account, combined with the China entry of the WTO, our telecommunication institutional innovation shall include both government departments and telecommunication operators. For a better macro-management, the regulation department must be more independent, for which its outlay be marketwise. In addition we shall actively use the strength of the expert committee and industry self-更多还原