论消费者破产的法律制度

【作者】 李锡润；

【导师】 沈四宝； 黄勇；

【作者基本信息】 对外经济贸易大学 ， 国际法学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 随着现代社会消费者信用和消费者金融的急剧膨胀，以及社会公众生活观念和消费习惯的改变，近十几年来，社会上开始大量出现个人即消费者破产的现象，引起了社会的广泛关注和连锁反应。而且预计随着经济的继续发展，这种社会现象将会频繁的发生。消费者破产并不是严格的法律用语，而是用于区别企业破产。消费者破产主要起因于生活经济主体的消费生活。当个人或法人不能偿还其债务，相应的利害关系人如要行使各自的权利，各债权人之间将会产生很多的权利冲突，甚至影响社会秩序的稳定。今天的法律与生活紧密相连，为了公平合理地解决这些债务人和债权人之间的利害关系，作为规范消费者破产的法律制度也开始走向成熟和完善。许多国家制定了破产法，及为防止濒临倒闭的和议法，以及相关的公司整理法。在经济发达国家，包括美国、日本等，消费者个人破产问题在理论和实践中已经有了相当长时间的发展。韩国因最近的金融危机，除企业外许多个人处于经济上的倒闭状态，消费者个人破产的问题开始引人注目。在对美、日等西方国家消费者破产法律制度进行研究的基础上，我们能够发现其中的特色和优点，并在着手构建自己国家的消费者破产法律制度时，起到借鉴和引用的作用。中国市场经济的各项制度尚未完善，如个人信用及信用卡制度、个人贷款制度等，因此，也许涉及不到消费者破产的问题。但是，随着市场经济的迅猛发达，很快会出现消费者破产的问题。中国经济发达模式和方向与韩国相当相似，本文试从比较法角度来分析韩国消费者破产的问题，希望给中国消费者个人破产领域提供一些建议。本文分四个部分。第一部分“消费者破产的概述”，首先探讨消费者破产的含义，并对其划分类别。为研讨消费者破产问题，首先要明确消费者的含义。消费者破产的类似概念有：“小破产”、“自己破产”、“多重债务（者）”。根据韩国《消费者保护法》，消费者是指为消费生活使用或利用营业者提供的物品及服务的人。但消费者破产中消费者不局限于特定的合同或法律关系，而是涉及到消费者作为个人发生倒闭情况的所有法律关系。日本学者伊藤真提出的Multi Door理论针对不同的债务人提出了不同的解决方案，具有一定的科学性。最后总结有关消费者破产的法律特征。第二部分“西方国家的消费者破产”，详细介绍美、日等西方国家消费者破产的现状及其现行的规制消费者破产的法律制度，并对其各自的特点进行比较。伴随90年代后期的经济繁荣以及个人的收入增加，美国的消费者破产数量上却出现了急剧增加趋势。美国消费者破产急剧增加的主要原因是美国人的过分消费、金融机关的借贷形式、法律及相关制度等复合作用的结果。信用卡的大量普及和消费者信用的发展，使美国人享受着丰富的消费生活。但是部分个人因过分使用信用卡而承担过重的负债后，不能偿还债务就申请消费者破产。而日本因继续的经济衰退逐渐增加消费者破产。据1998年统计，日本每1,200名中就有1人申请了消费者破产，具有破产可能性者预计达150万名左右。日本的消费者破产增加的原因是：因为经济萧条并且个人收入减少；也是因为金融机关的借贷控制放松、日本式雇佣惯行的崩溃等；经营贷款和住房贷款的利息过高造成消费者破产。在破产法律制度建设方面，美国的法制体系较为健全，各种程序规定更细<WP=4>致和充分，美国的破产法有：原有的的“Bankruptcy Act”、1978年全面修订的“Bankruptcy Reform Act”。其破产程序多样，包括“清算程序（第7章程序，Liquidation）”、“整顿（企业重建）程序（第11章程序，Reorganization）”、“个人再生程序（第13章程序）”、“有年收入之农业工人的债务调整程序（第12章程序，Adjustment of Debts of a Family Farmer with Regular Annual Income）”、“市政府债务调整程序等”。实际破产案例数量最多，司法实践经验也最为成熟。美国破产法制的着眼点更多地在于破产后的重整，因此给破产人提供更多的保护。德国破产法律制度更多地强调当事人之间事先的合意，希望通过当事人之间的合意来减少个人（消费者）破产给社会带来的冲击。德国法更多地关注保护债权人利益。日本则把破产程序划分为‘清算型’和‘再建型’。清算型包括破产法上的破产程序和商法上的特别清算程序，再建型包括公司再建程序、公司整顿程序及和议法上的和解程序。其中，适用消费者破产的有破产法上的破产程序和和议法上的和议程序。对于非破产法上的破产，强调当事人双方的自愿、自主，充分体现当事人双方的意志自治。第三部分“韩国的消费者破产”，首先将详细地介绍韩国消费者破产的现状，及韩国消费者破产法律制度。韩国在上世纪90年代发生金融、外汇危机之后，“倒产（倒闭）案件”增加了很多。1999年后破产案件的增加速度有所缓和，但依然比‘金融、外汇危机’前高。韩国法律尚未制订出为消费者破产的法律制度，因此消费者破产制度与破产法的一般程序相差不多。消费者破产通过债务人对管辖地方法院的破产申请而开始。地方法院审查而进行破产宣告后，进行‘同时废止决定’或选任破产管理人。以免责为目的的这些自己破产案件的大部分为同时废止?更多还原

【Abstract】 Over the past decades, with the rapid expansion of consumer credit and consumer finance in the modern society as well as the change of social public life concept and consumer habit, a lot of individual bankruptcy or consumer bankruptcy which has caught public attention and resulted in chain effect has occurred in society. Furthermore, it is predicted that with the continuous economic development, such a social phenomenon will frequently happen.Consumer bankruptcy, strictly speaking, is not a legal term but rather a term that distinguish itself from enterprise bankruptcy. Consumer bankruptcy mainly results from consuming life of social economic entity. When individuals or legal entities cannot pay off their debts, corresponding interest parties will exercise their rights. And that will cause many conflicts among creditors in terms of their rights and what is even worse, it will lead to the instability of social order. Today when law is closely linked with social life, legal system which regulates consumer bankruptcy has been in the process of maturity and improvement so as to deal with the interest between the debtors and creditors in a fair and reasonable way. Many countries have formulated Law on Bankruptcy, Law on Peace Agreement which aims to forestall those that are on the verge of bankruptcy to apply for bankruptcy and corresponding Law on Company Reorganization.In developed countries such as the U.S. and Japan, the issue of consumer bankruptcy has been theoretically and practically developed for a long time. In South Korea which has recently suffered from financial crisis, besides enterprises, many individuals have been economically bankrupted. And that makes consumer bankruptcy become the common concern of many people. On the basis of the research on consumer bankruptcy legal systems in the U.S. and Japan, we can find their features and advantages so that we can use them as key reference when we set out to draw up consumer bankruptcy legal system of our own.Various systems such as individual credit system and credit card system in China’s market economy have yet to be improved; therefore, the issue of consumer bankruptcy might not have been touched upon yet. Nonetheless, with the rapid advancement of market economy, consumer bankruptcy will soon make its presence in China. Due to the similarity of development mode and direction between China and South Korea, the present thesis tentatively proposes to analyze the consumer bankruptcy issue in South Korea from the prospective of comparative law so as to bring some suggestions to the issue of consumer bankruptcy in China.This thesis is divided into four parts. Part One is "Overview of Consumer Bankruptcy" in which the definition of consumer bankruptcy is probed into and its classification is made. In order to study the issue of consumer bankruptcy, it is a must to clarify the definition of consumer. Those concepts similar to consumer bankruptcy include mini-scale bankruptcy, personal bankruptcy and multi-level debtor. According<WP=6>to Korea "Consumer Protect Law", consumer refers to a person who either consumes goods and service for living or makes use of goods and service provided by businessmen. However, the consumer in consumer bankruptcy is not confined to specific contract or legal relations but is involved in all legal relations occurred during the period of his or her going bankruptcy. The Multi Door Theory initiated by Japanese Scholar“伊藤真” offers different solutions to different debtors and is therefore, scientific to some extent. A summary of legal features of consumer bankruptcy is put forward at the end of this part.Part Two is Consumer Bankruptcy in the West in which the present situation of consumer bankruptcy in such western countries as the U.S. and Japan and their legal systems which regulate consumer bankruptcy are elaborated on and their respective features are compared. Accompanied by economic prosperity and the increase of personal income in the latter part of 1990s, the number of consumer bankruptcy cases in the U.更多还原