【作者】 任爽；

【导师】 邓新平； 赵志模；

【作者基本信息】 西南农业大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究着眼于重庆市板栗生产和害虫发生与治理的现状，采用林间系统调查和室内研究相结合的研究手段，综合运用群落生态学的原理和方法，在2001-2002年两个生长季节中对板栗树冠节肢动物群落的结构特征、时间格局、优势害虫和天敌林间消长动态及栗瘿蜂的生物学生态学习性、林间消长的影响因子等进行了研究。主要研究内容和结果摘要如下： 1、群落的结构组成及各类群相对多度 2001及2002年2-11月以系统调查、随机调查结合室内饲养的方法，共获得节肢动物136种，隶属于12个目、63个科，其中害虫70种、天敌62种、中性昆虫4种，分别占物种总数的51.47％、45.59％和2.94％。天敌中捕食性天敌47种，寄生性天敌15种，分别占天敌物种数的75.81％和24.19％，害虫物种数略多于天敌物种数，天敌中捕食性天敌物种数明显多于寄生性天敌物种数。为了进一步分析群落结构，将板栗树冠节肢动物群落划分为3个营养层、4个功能团和11个类群，相对多度分析结果表明植食性营养层在物种数和个体数上均占绝对优势，以刺吸性功能团为主，其中又以蚜虫类群数量最多。板栗储藏期害虫以蛀果性害虫桃蛀螟数量最多。在群落调查基础上明确了板栗树冠节肢动物群落的组成，并提出了栗园节肢动物名录。 2、板栗树冠节肢动物群落季节动态 2.1、总群落、群落中主要类群、主要害虫及天敌个体数量季节动态 通过定点定期调查的方法研究了群落主要类群、主要害虫和天敌个体数量的季节动态。 节肢动物群落的总个体数量和同翅目昆虫数量变化曲线均为双峰型，两个峰值分别出现在4月下旬和9月中旬，第一峰值明显高于第二峰值，形成这两个峰值的物种在数量上占绝对优势的均是斑翅蚜；鞘翅目昆虫亦呈现双峰型的变化曲线，两峰值在5月中旬和9月上旬，且第一峰值＞第二峰值；鳞翅目昆虫仅在7月中下旬出现一个发生高峰期。 各种主要害虫的发生有明显的阶段性。斑翅蚜的种群数量动态表现为春季高峰型和秋季高峰型；象甲的数量以4月上旬和9月上旬较多；金龟子在4月上旬至5月下旬期间数量急剧上升，在5月中旬数量达到顶峰；鳞翅目幼虫在6-8月间发生数量较多，在7月中旬达到峰值。天敌中草间小黑蛛在4月上旬-5月下旬数量较多，数量曲线有两个峰值，分别在4月中旬和5月上旬，其后变化曲线呈现锯齿形；异色瓢虫数量有两个明显的高峰，分别在4月上旬和5月上中旬，7月上旬之后数量曲线亦呈现锯齿型变化趋势。 2．2、群落发展的各阶段害虫及天敌优势种的确定及群落结构特征分析 2．2．1、优势度分析和优势种的确定 群落的优势种在群落发展的各阶段有所不同。斑翅蚜4月上旬到5月上旬优势性十分突出， 摘 要5 ）j份金龟子的优势度超过斑翅蚜，5月下旬到 6月上旬栗大蚜的忧势度超过金龟十，从6月中旬到9月上旬，象甲、栗大蚜、鳞翅目幼虫、斑翅蚜的优势度交替上升，9月中旬到下旬斑翅蚜再次成为忧势种。4月上旬到7月上旬，天敌以草间小黑蛛为优势种，7月中旬至9月下旬，忧势度较高的种类有大草蛆、异色瓢虫、棕管巢蛛、十二斑巧瓢虫，以异色瓢虫为主。2．2．2、群落结构特征 根据物种丰富度、多样牲、均匀度与生态集中度指数等群落结构特征指数分析了总群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落在时间上的结构数量特征。分析表明板栗生育期和天气是影响群落结构特征变化的主要因于，害虫亚群落结构特征指数在时间上的变化规律与总群落一致，害虫亚群落的数量变化决定了总群落结构数量特征的变化规律。2．3、群落季节格局及栗园害虫综合抬理策略 利用有序样本的最优分割将群落划分为三个阶段，并结合气候状况和板栗生育期提出了各阶段的害虫治理策略。 群落发展的初期阶段为春末夏初栗树萌芽展叶期，r－对策害虫斑翅蚜在数量上占绝对优势，群落处于各种害虫和天敌种群的初建状态。这一阶段应密切监测害虫和天敌种群的发展，可以对个别有虫植株进行挑治，避免大面积施用杀虫剂：群落发展的盛期处于初夏－盛夏－初秋栗树的开花－座果－生长－果实成熟阶段，主要害虫的发生与为害具有明显的阶段性，天敌种群不足以控制害虫的猖撅发生，但害虫种群在林间环境条件和天敌的联合控制作用下处于一种相对的平衡状态。这一阶段是板栗各种害虫大量出现及主要害虫可以形成猖撅危害的时期，应抓住害虫发生的阶段性特点，针对一至两种种群密度高且处于上升阶段的主要害虫进行防治，同时充分发挥天敌的自然控制作用；第三阶段处于夏末秋初果实收获阶段群落的逐渐衰退期，斑翅蚜是这一阶段的优势种，其数量上升导致群落的优势度和生态集中度升高，多样性和均匀度降低，这一阶段栗树在果实采收后逐渐进人休眠期，应注意清理田园和及时处理害虫越冬场所。3、主要害虫和天敌的时间生态位 测定了板栗树冠节肢动物群落主要害虫及天敌的时间生态位。应用生态位概念分析了各类群发生的数量特征，分析了各种害虫和天敌对环境资源的利用情况，探讨了害虫和天敌之间的竞争与共存机制。结?更多还原

【Abstract】 By field systematic investigation and, indoor trials, the characters of Chinese chestnut Canopy Arthropod Community structure and dynamics, temporal pattern, numeric dynamics of dominant pests and natural enemies in Hechuan, Chongqing were investigated using the knowledge and theory of community Ecology. The biological and ecological characters of Chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus Kuriphilus Yasumatsu) were also studied. The research contents and results were listed as follows:1. Composition of Canopy Arthropod Community in Chestnut OrchardCanopy arthropod community structure in chestnut orchard was studied in two seasons of 2001-2002. The result showed that species of canopy arthropod community was abundant. Total 136 species of arthropods were observed, which belong to 12 Orders, 63 Families. Among these species, there were 70 species of insect pests, 62 species of natural enemies and 4 species of neutral insects, which account for 55. 15%, 41.39%, and 2.94% , respectively. Among 62 species of natural enemies, there were 15 species of parasitoids and 42 species of predatory arthropods, which account for 75.81% and 24. 19%, respectively. Most insect pests belong to Curculionoidae (6 species), Chrysomelidae (5 species), Rutelidae (5 species), and Eucleidae (5 species), and most natural enemies belong to Coccinellidae (7 species), Salticidae(6 species), Clubionidae(6 species), Tetragnathidae (5 species), and Torymidae (5species). Species spactial structure analysis showed that the order of pest species numbers was leaf pest (57 species) >flower pest (6 species) >branch pest (4 species) >fruit pest (2 species).Based on investigation of two seasons, the name list of canopy arthropod community in chestnut orchard was established.Species composition and relative abundance of the canopy arthropod community inchestnut orchard were analyzed. The community could be divided into 3 nutrient classes, 4 guilds and 11 groups. Herbivorous nutrient class was the most dominant in individual numbers, and the relative abundance was 88. 11%. Among Herbivorous nutrient class, the relative abundance of sucking and chewing guild were 60.66% and 22.21% respectively. In sucking and chewing guilds, the relative abundances of aphid and scarab group were 40.02% and 11.56%, respectively. Relative abundance of natural enemy nutrient class was 11. 50%, and among them the relative abundance of predatory and parasitic guild were 16. 81% and 0. 32%, respectively. The relative abundance of spider group was the greatest (7.38%) among predatory guild. The relative abundance of the third nutrient class (mainly neutral insects) was only 0. 39%.During fruit storage, the relative abundance of Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guen ee was the greatest (72.59%), followed by Characama ruficrra Hampton (24. 19%). 2. Seasonal dynamics of canopy arthropod communitySeasonal dynamics of canopy community, main groups, individual numbers of main pests and natural enemies in two seasons were studied. The influential factors of their population dynamics were also analyzed. 2.1. Seasonal dynamics and influential factors2.1.1. Community and the main groupsDynamics curve of community individual numbers was two-peak pattern. The two peaks appeared in late April and middle September. So was the curve of Homoptera. The dominant species was Castanocallis castanocallis Zhang. The two peaks of curve of the dynamics of Coleopteran appeared in middle May and early September. Early and middle July was the peak period of Lepidopteran.2.1.2. Main pests and natural enemiesIndividual number of C. castanocallis Zhang had spring and autumn peaks. Variation of the individual number of Lachnus tropicalis (Van der Goot) was not quite intensive. Weevils (Macrocorynus capito (Faust) was the dominant species) mainly appeared in early April and early September. Scarabs (Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky was the dominant species) mainly appeared in early April and late May and there was a peak value during middle May. Subsequently the number descended and only Adoretus ten更多还原