【作者】 黄卫星；

【导师】 周全霖； 袁斌业；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 外来词又称借词，指一种语言从别种语言吸收过来的词语。外来词是语言接触的产物。在语言接触过程中，借入语与被借入语之间必然产生相互影响，相互作用，从而导致语言融合与语言冲突。 语言融合自古以来就有，只要有语言接触就有语言融合。吸收外来词是语言融合的一种方式。汉语通过借词的方式把外语的词连音带义搬进汉语里来。然而，外来词已经不是外语词，它们已经被汉语改造并吸收，成了汉语词汇的成员。汉语的使用者既不完全按照它们在外语语音系统中的音来说它们，也不完全按照它们在外语语法、语义系统中的情形来运用它们。然而，尽管如此，它们却具有外语词(音义结合物)的成分。外来词的产生体现了两种语言的融合。这种融合涉及到语音、语法、语义及书写形式等方面。 在语音方面，外来词的读音是以相应的外语词为基础。然而，由于英汉两种语言的语音系统截然不同，英语词要进入汉语必须经过声调的添加、音位替代、及音节增减三次改造才能被汉语语音系统所吸收。在语法方面，语言融合主要表现在语法功能的汉化上。由于英语是典型的综合分析型语言，而汉语却是完全的分析型语言，因此外来词要入籍汉语必然要受到汉语语词用法的影响，并服从汉语的使用者以及汉语语法系统。外来词中名词占绝大多数。多数英语名词存在单复数形式的词尾屈折变化，因此外来词进入汉语首先必须摈弃这一语法特征。在构词层面上，外来词最常见的是单纯音译，在结构上是浑然一体的，只能视为一个语素，不能再在语法单位上加以分割或区别。而在某些情况下这种一个语素的结构会被打破，成为几个语素。这有几种方法：音意兼译、添加意义标志、部分音译部分意译。另外，直接引用是近些年来逐渐风行的一种借入外来词的方式。就语义内容而言，外来词输入的无疑大都是外来的概念，但是由于语言、文化、社会、政治等诸方面的原因，外来词与原词在意义上往往又有所不同。外来词在语义内容上基本上有三种情况：(1)．完全借入原义；(2)．借入原义经汉语发展出新义；(3)．外来词意义同汉语固有词意义相同。外来词在书写形式方面的语言融合主要表现为字形意化。所谓字形意化是指选折或改造音译部分的汉字，使之在偏旁上同原词意义保持某种联系。这种融合方式是汉语所特有的，它虽然尚未影响语素的分合，但却在词义上给人以某种联想。 既然外来语体现着不同语言的融合，那么借入语与被借入语在外来词上相遇时必然会在使用者中引起种种反应，其中即有和谐的，又有不和谐的。后者则会导致某些外来词受到不同程度的排斥，有的可促使语词进行再调整，有的则导致某些外来词的销声匿迹。究其原因，一是由于语词之间的冲突引起的。语词之间的冲突表现为外来词与非外来词的冲突，不同类型的外来词之间的冲突。一是由于语词与非语词之间的冲突引起的。这类冲突多是由于文化、历史、政治、民族心理等方面的原因造成的。 外来词引进过程中，不同语言间相互影响、相互作用是必然的，语言的融合与冲突是不自觉的很难抗拒的。语言本身有自己的发展规体，有自己的融合与排斥机制，人们不能强迫它融合或排斥，。能作的只是总结其规律，以便根据客观显示的规休做些引导，促进语言的融合，避免不必要的冲突，使外来词的引进更具科学性及适用性，从而丰富汉语的表现力，使汉语词汇系统逐渐走向完善的境地。 基于以上对外来词的思考，本文从语言学的角度对借人语（汉语）与被借入语（英语）在外来词上所体现的相互影响、相互作用进行了探讨。在语言融合方面，文章重点从语音、语法、语义及书写形式四个角度进行分析。语言冲突方面则从语词之间的冲突与非语词之间的冲突两个层面着手。最后，作者构建了一个外来向引进的流程图，清晰地展现了外来词进入汉语所经历的不同历程。更多还原

【Abstract】 A loan word is a lexical itet11, whicl1 l1as beel1 takel1 into one language fromal1otl1er. Loal1 words arc tl1e products of laI1guagc co11tact. l11 la11guage-contactsituation, tI1e il1teraction betwee11 borrowcLI a11d borI.otving lal1guages 111ust take place,whicll will lead to Ianguage fusing a11d lal1guage conI1ict.Sillcc a11cient ti111es. wl1e11evcr tI1cre is Ial1guage contact, language t’Llsil1g aIwaysllal7pens sinlultanc()lIsly. ’l"I1e adoPti()l1 of l()al1 words is a l11al1l1cr of language tiIsing.By 1a1lguage fL1siIlg t11e sou11d al1Ll l11cal1il1g of a11 El1glisl1 w()rd are introduced intoChillese language. IIowever, a loan word is l1o lol1ger a Ibreigl1 word. It has beenabsorbed by CI1inese lal1guage al1d becol11e a l11e11lber of Cl1inese vocabulary. Cl1inesespeakers do not pronounce it in the sa111e way as it is prol1ounced in the phono1ogicalsystem of fOreign language, and do not use it i11 tlle san1e way as it is used in itsoriginal gran1matical and semantic systel11s. NevertheIcss, a loa11 word is based oIl afOreign word, so a loan word possesses so111e features of tI1e lbreign word. TherefOre,loan w()rds el11body tl1e I\lsil1g of two languages, wl1icl1 is uSually cOI1ccrned with fOuraspects f phono1ogical aspect, l11orI,l1ological aspect, sel11al1tic aspect, and aspect ofwriting.In pllollological aspect, tI1e pr()l1ul1ciatiOI1 of a loa11 word is based o11 acorrespol1dillg ft)reigl1 word. llut because tl1e pllolloIogical syste111s of English andCllinese are ratl1er diflbrel1t flom eacl1 otl1er, al1 English wol.d has to be adapted il1three ways: tone additiol1, pl1ol1etic substitutiol1, and syllable lnodification, so as to beaccepted by Cl1inese pl1o11ological system. ln morphological aspect, language fusingis presented as the naturalization of the gral11111atical feature of a loan word. SinceEnglisI1 is a typical syntIletic-al1alytic language al1d Cl1inese is a completely analyticlanguage, when entering chiI1esc, aI1 El1glish word wi11 be innuenced by chinesegralnmatical system. Due to tlle fact tI1at l1()ul1s acc()u11t f()r tl1e major part ofloan-word systel11, and 11lost of E11gIisl1 not111s l1ave sil1gular al1d plural fOrlns, wl1ene11teril1g Cl1il1ese loal1-word systel11, al1 El1glisI1 word l1as Io discard its inflectionalaffixes w11icl1 il1dicate tl1e 11u11)her ()f a l1otll1. ll1 rcgard to tl1c word-f L,rl11ation. 111ost ofloa11 tv()r’ls if1 (’llif1ese c()l1sisl ()f ()11e l11()rl,l1e111e. al1tl are ildopted b}’ n1cal1s of. colllPlcte tra11sliterati()11. llut soll1etil11cs otI1cr strategies cal1 bc takel1 stlcl1 as sel11al1tictra1lsliteration, annotated tral1s1iteI.atiol1. aI1d Partly literal tra11s1ation and partlytransliteration. In these cases, ol1e loa11 word l1lay coIltain 111ore thall ol1e n1orpl1eme.’ Ill recent years, the means of direct borrowi11g are el11ployed more oftcn tha11 before.In semantic aspect, n1ost of the 111eanings of loan words are borrowed from fOreignI Vt -ti;.)language, but due to language, cultural, and social diversity, sometimes the meanings of loan word may differ from its corresponding foreign words. In general, the meanings of loan words can be categorixed into three groups, i.e. the meanings of loan words are totally imported; the original meanings are changed in loan words; the meanings of loan words are the same as the meanings of native words. In the aspect of writing, language fusing is presented by the coinage of Chinese characters. In the matter of borrowing, the new character often consists of two parts: one part is somewhat connected with the pronunciation of the original word; the other part is often related to the original meaning.Since loan words embody the fusing of borrowing and borrowed languages, when they enter borrowing language, foreign language represented by loan words must meet with various reactions from the native language speakers, among which some reactions are harmonized with native language, but some are inharmonized with it.更多还原