【作者】 周夏芝；

【导师】 邹运鼎； 毕守东；

【作者基本信息】 安徽农业大学 ， 森林保护学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 为了可持续地利用桃园系统生物资源，经济合理地治理害虫，提高桃园害虫防治水平，同时丰富群落生态学的研究内容，促进生态学科的发展，本人在前人工作的基础上，结合桃园害虫防治的现状，通过田间系统调查和田间实验相结合的研究手段，采用群落分析、多元统计分析、灰色关联分析、地理统计学等分析方法，系统地研究了桃园节肢动物群落动态和桃一点叶蝉与其天敌相互作用的规律。 根据桃园节肢动物群落物种的组成和数量，按照营养和取食关系，将群落划分为植食类、捕食类、寄生类和中性类亚群落，按照系统分科的方法，将每个亚群落分成不同的功能类群，采用群落分析的多个参数比较分析了群落的结构和季节动态。结果表明：桃园共调查出节肢动物55种，分属于37科，其中植食类28种，分属于18科：捕食类22种，分属于14科；寄生类3种，分属于3科；中性类2种，分属于2科。植食类的相对丰盛度为0.953367，捕食类相对丰盛度为0.046188，各亚群落的优势集中性表现为植食类（0.980648）＞捕食类（0.886292）＞寄生类（0.420000）。H多样性指数为捕食类节肢动物亚群落＞节肢动物总群落＞植食类节肢动物亚群落；Hill多样性指数（N₁）为捕食类节肢动物亚群落＞节肢动物总群落＞植食类节肢动物亚群落：Hill多样性指数（N₂）为捕食类节肢动物亚群落＞节肢动物总群落＞植食类节肢动物亚群落。 在桃园中，植食类亚群落的个体数量随时间变化趋势与节肢动物总群落一致，都有两个高峰值，高峰值出现的时间相一致，趋势曲线相接近。总群落的个体数量变化受植食类亚群落的个体数量变化影响较显著。 桃一点叶蝉及其天敌类群的时间生态位宽度与重叠值研究结果表明，一年中桃一点叶蝉利用了时间资源序列的全部等级，因在各个等级上利用的资源极不均衡，其生态位宽度值较小。食蚜蝇科、三突花蟹蛛、瓢虫生态位宽度较大。 施用天然植物源复合杀虫剂的节肢动物群落及其各亚群落的个体数都有明显程度的下降，尤其是植食类亚群落个体数大幅度地下降，捕食类和蜘蛛类群落的减退率较低，而且持续的时间较长。喷施500—600倍液经济有效的防治害虫。 通过对桃园害虫一天敌群落的系统调查，应用主分量、最优分割法和模糊聚类分析方法进行分析。结果表明，群落具有明显的主导因素和时间格局。 一年来，对自然状态下安农水蜜桃上重要节肢动物种群数量水平空间属性和时间动态进行了系统研究。结果表明，桃园害虫优势种群为桃一点叶蝉，天敌昆虫类优势种群为瓢虫，天敌蜘蛛类优势种群为草间小黑蛛。2001年桃一点叶蝉种群数量消长有两个明显的峰值，两次峰值出现的日期分别为5月中下旬和7月中旬～9月下旬。桃一点叶蝉和草间小黑蛛的空间格局均为聚集型，草间小黑蛛追随桃一点叶蝉的聚集场所；桃一点叶蝉和草间小黑蛛种群相互作用关系显著。 对一年来桃一点叶蝉种群数量与其各种天敌的种群数量以及各种天敌的数量，利用灰色系统理论和方法，分析各种天敌的数量与桃一点叶蝉种群数量的追随关系，各种天敌与理想优势种天敌之间的关联度。结果表明，对桃一点叶蝉种群数量影响最显著的是草间小黑蛛，其次是异色瓢虫、粽管巢蛛。 采用地统计学的原理和方法分析了桃一点叶蝉种群数量第二高峰阶段不同时期桃一点叶蝉种群和草间小黑蛛种群的空间结构和空间结构相关性。结果表明，不同时期桃一点叶蝉种群的拟合半变异函数曲线均为球型，空间格局呈聚集型，变程在25．70－37．20m之间；草间小黑蛛种群的拟合半变异函数曲线也均为球型，空间格局呈聚集型，变程在25．10叶4．10m之间，说明草间小黑蛛种群在空间上追随桃一点叶蝉种群，草间小黑蛛是桃一点叶蝉的优势种天敌。更多还原

【Abstract】 The pest is a big obstacle affecting the product of peach. To improve the level of harnessing the pest economically,enrich the content of community ecology and prompt the subject to develop,this study was carried out on the base of former studies. In this study ,several analytic methods,such as geostatistics,grey system theory and method,etc.,were applied,and the dynamics of arthropod community,the regulation of interactions between Erythroneura swdira(Distant) and its nature enemies were studied. The results were as follows:The arthropod community was divided into four sub-communities:phytophages,predators,parasitorids and neutralities by the standard of nutrition and hunting. The structures and dynamics of arthropod community and different sub-communities were analyzed by using a number of community parameters. The results indicated that there were 55 species of arthropod belonging to 37 families,including 28 species of phytophages representing 18 families;22 species of predators representing 14 families;3 species of parasitorids representing 3 families;2 species of neutralities representing 2 families in peach orchards. The relative abundance of phytophages and predators were 0.953367 and 0.O46188 respectively. So it can be seen that the phytophages dominated the arthropod community in peach orchards. The dominant concentration of phytophages was 0.980648,larger than that of predators(0.886292) and parasitoids(0.420000). The other parameters such as diversity index(H ) and diversity index (Hill) including NI ,N2 ,indicated the same trends,showing in the order :predators sub-community > arthropod community > phytophages sub-community.The shifting trend of the individual number of phytophages was similar to the arthropod community. Both trends had two peaks that occurred at similar time.This indicated that the individual number of arthropod community was influenced mainly by phytophages.Studies on the temporal niche breadth and overlap of Erythroneura sudra and its natural enemies indicated:Erythroneura sudra appeared in all time stages of the year. But,as to the individual,there were big differences between each time stages and this resulted in a low niche breadth index.For the use of insecticide,the individual number of arthropod community and every sub-community all had definite reduction,especially the phytophages.Systematic studies on temporal and spatial dynamics of important arthropod indicated that the dominant species of pest,insect natural enemies,spider natural enemies were Erythroneura sudra,P.Japonicola,E.graminicola respectively. The Erythroneura sudra population fluctuation showed two peaks and the first one occurred in middle May,the second one occurred from middle July to the end of September. The spatial pattern of Erythroneura sudra and E.graminicola were of aggregated type.Based on the systematic surveys in peach orchards,the structures of pests-natural enemies community and their seasonal dynamics were analyzed by the methods of Principal Component Analysis (PCA),optimal sorting and Fuzzy Cluster Analysis .The results showed that they can be distinctly classified into 4 types and had obvious main factors and temporal patterns.The relationships between the number of natural enemies and Erythroneura sudra population size and the relational grade of various natural enemies to ideal dominant natural enemies were analyzed with grey system theory and method. The result was that E.graminicola was the major natural enemy affecting Erythroneura sudra.The spatial construction and distribution of Erythroneura sudra and E.graminicola at different period of the second peak stage of the Erythroneura sudra population fluctuation were studied by geostatistics. The result was that the semivariogram of Erythroneura sudra was described by spherical model,showing an aggregated spatial arrangement,the range was 25.70-37.20m. Thesemivariogram of E.graminicola was fitted by spherical model too,also showingan aggregated spatial arrangement,its range was 25.10-44.10m. Th更多还原