（60）～Coγ射线辐照魔芋催芽球茎的诱变效应及其对种质改良的影响

【作者】 黄训端；

【导师】 周立人； 何家庆；

【作者基本信息】 安徽农业大学 ， 作物遗传育种， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 魔芋是一种新兴的经济作物，有着巨大的经济开发潜力和产业比较优势。当前魔芋生产正处于栽培扩大、产业升级的发展时期，要求魔芋有优良的品种种质。本试验开展了魔芋种质改良研究，采用⁶⁰Coγ射线辐照魔芋催芽球茎，创新了魔芋育种的途径和方法，产生了显著的诱变效应，获得了可利用的基础性材料，对魔芋种质改良和引种驯化均有着重要的理论意义和实践意义，为魔芋属及其它无性繁殖植物诱变提供了可借鉴的参考，填补了该研究领域的空白。本研究得到了如下结果： 1．⁶⁰Coγ射线辐照魔芋，催芽球茎（含水量为81.25％）是适宜的诱变材料。其适宜的诱变参数是：剂量范围0—50Gy，剂量率1Gy／min，中等辐照剂量(LD_30—40)7—10Gy，致死剂量50Gy。 2．魔芋催芽球茎经⁶⁰Coγ射线辐照处理后可检测的诱变效应表现形式有刺激效应、致死效应、抑制效应和形态异常等。低剂量1Gy γ射线辐照对魔芋有刺激作用，表现在早期性状上，可能是生理型的辐照损伤，也有可能是可修复的诱变效应。抑制作用是辐照处理诱变效应的最主要表现形式。致死效应是抑制效应的极端表现。形态异常表现为植株矮小及叶片畸形。 3．魔芋辐照处理诱发细胞学效应十分显著，主要表现为有丝分裂指数、微核率、核畸变率、染色体畸变率的变异。经统计分析，细胞学效应与剂量呈二次曲线关系，且微核率、核畸变率、染色体畸变率之间有线形相关。细胞学效应与农艺、品质性状效应有密切的相关，可作为中后期的诱变效应预测和优良性状筛选的依据。 4．魔芋辐照处理可以诱发生化效应，从魔芋酯酶同工酶和多酚氧化酶同工酶电泳图谱分析，辐照处理对酶的结构和活性均有一定程度的损伤，主要表现为酶带条数减少、或酶带强度减弱。 5．魔芋经辐照后，在生长期发现了大叶片植株和抗寒耐寒植株的有益 突变。大叶片植株可增加营养物质的积累，提高魔芋产量；抗寒耐寒植株可 延长生长期，也为扩大种植范围提供了种质基础材料。 6．辐照处理可诱肪芋品质变化。干物质含量与剂量关系呈乎抛物线； 葡甘聚糖含量与剂量关系呈正抛物线状，曲线平而缓；葡甘聚糖粘度与剂量 也呈二次曲线关系，但变化幅度较大，曲线陡峭；生物碱含量与剂量的关系 可表达成直线，呈典型的负相关。 7．经相关性分析，发芽率、出苗率、成株率、生物碱含量等指标效应 与剂量有线形表现，叶片面积与剂量呈三次曲线关系，其它的诸多性状与剂 量表现出二次曲线规律。经主成分分析，在抗逆、高产、品质等6个性状 上建立了以下数学模型： N0．776 ql＋0．978 qZ＋o．gi 4 q／0．990 q／0．937 q／0．514 q6 H－0．612 qj－0．互09 q／0．383 q3＋0．二二5 q40．337 q／0．84 0q6 其中，y1、y。分别反映了魔芋产量及葡甘聚糖品质方面信息、魔芋 生物碱含量品质方面信息，这不仅为魔芋诱变评价提供了依据，而且也 为其育种设计提供了参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a newly arisen industrial crop, AmorphophallusKonjaccontains vast economy development potential and better industrial advantages than others. Recently, Konjac industries is going to faster developing period, not only Konjac cultural area is constantly extending, but also Konjac industries is upgrading. So it requests that Konjac should be improved in its varietry germplasm and production qualities. The experiment was designed which Konjac germination hastening corm been induced to mutation by MCoY-ray. The evidence induced effects and other basic informations were obtained. These are importance to improve Konjac varietry germplasm in theory meaning and practice meaning. The study filled the blank of research field in konjac breeding.The conclusions were drawn as below.1.Germination hastening corm (contain water 81.25%) is optimal material when Konjac is induced to mutation by wCo Y -ray. The induced parameters were carried out: radiant energy range 0 ?0Gy; radiance IGy/min; middling optimum iradation dosage range 7?0 Gy; lethal dose 50Gy.2. The induced effects that could be measured were stimulation restraint and plant abnormality.The Konjac was stimulated in early characters which irradiated by Lower dose IGy 60Co Y -ray. The stimulation effects may be physiologic type irradiation damages. Restraint was dorminative induced effect. Lethal was extreme restraint effect. The irradiation could also caused Konjac plant lower or shorter andleaf abberation.3. The cytology effects were better evidence when the Konjac germination hastening corm irradated. Mitosis parameter minineucleus cell rate neucleus aberration cell rate, chromosome aberration cell rate were changed. There was conic between cytology effects and irradiation energy. It was linearity that minineucleus cell rate neucleus aberration cell rates chromosome aberration cell raterelatived one another. Cytology effects widly relatived to other characters induced effects, based on these, we could forecast characters induced effects laterly and choose fine characters.4. Iradiated germination hastening corm also caused biochemical effects .According the isoenzyme electrophoresis bands of esterase and polyhenol oxidase which evdently becomed smaller and weaker, the irradiation damages were concluded in structure and activity of enzyme.5. The ultilized mutations which plantleaf become bigger and plants could tolerent colder weather were found in the field. Ultilize bigger leaf plants to accumulate konjac corm nitrition , so the yield was improved. Ultilize anti-cold plants to postlong growth period , so the material was offered to enlarge planting.6.The change of konjac qualities were measured which caused by Y -ray. There were conies in parameters of dry matter cntain-glucomannan cntain and glucomannan viscosity changed with irradiation energe, linearity in parameters of alkaloid contain.7. By analyzing relationships that character parameters changed with irradiation energe, those were linearities in parameters of germinating rate, seeding rate. survival rate and alkaloid contain, cubic in leaf area parameter, conic in others character parameters. Based on main factor analyzing in 6 character parameters which contain anti-cold, yield and qualities, the model was estimated as below:y1=0. 776 q1+0. 978 q2+0. 914 q3+0. 990 q4+0. 937 q5+0. 514 q6 y2=-0.-612 q1-0.109 q2+0.383 q3+0. 115 q4-0. 337 q5+0. 84 0 q6yandicats the informations of yield and glucomannan qualities, y2 indicats the informations of alkaloid qualities. The model not only providing the basis to evalute induced effects,but also giving the reference to design breeding.更多还原