检察权的属性与制约

【作者】 孟德平；

【导师】 雷震；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 诉讼法学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 本硕士论文约32，000字，分为三个部分。 第一部分检察权的属性。首先作者介绍了我国、前苏联的传统检察理论对检察权属性的认识，即检察权是法律监督权的集中体现，检察机关提起和参加诉讼是实行法律监督的一种形式。接着笔者从对法律监督权概念的界定入手，指出国家法律监督的主体已经多元化，并且其监督对象不是一般的公民、法人或社会团体，而是对立法权、行政权、司法权的实施进行监督，因此，不能把检察权等同于法律监督权，也不宜将我国检察机关的性质定位于法律监督机关。最后笔者从各国检察制度的历史与现状的考察中，得出以下结论：检察权以公诉权、侦查权和诉讼监督权为其主要内容，检察权具有行政权、司法权和法律监督权的属性。在西方国家“三权分立”的政治体制下，检察权被认为是行政权的一部分，而在我国人民代表大会制度下，检察权完全可以成为一种与行政权、司法权平行的、独立的国家权力。 第二部分对检察权的制约。检察权的实现离不开一定的主体，检察权行使的主体即检察权的拥有者与行使者。从各国的法律规定来看，检察权行使的主体主要是检察机关或检察官。为了防止检察权的滥用，大多数国家把检察制衡原则作为检察机关的活动原则，从检察机关的内部和外部对检察权行使的主体进行制约。检察机关内部的制约主要通过检察一体原则所体现的上下级关系，由上级检察机关、上级检察官对下级检察官的行为进行领导、监督、纠正，从而达到制约的目的；检察机关外部的制约主要是通过当事人、法院、人大及社会的力量来对检察机关行使检察权的行为进行制约。 第三部分检察权属性的载现及制约机制的完善。首先笔者综合世界各国检察机关的性质和定位，并结合我国实际，主张：我国检察机关的性质应定位于“公诉机关和与诉讼有关的国家法律监督机关”。接着笔者根据这种定位，并结合我国检察机关职权的调整，主张在我国刑事诉讼中，实行检警一体化、建立对审前程序的司法控制机制和实现检察机关机关在审判中诉讼地位的当事人化。最后，笔者对完善对检察权的制约机制提出了建议，其中着重强调了我国检察机关应实行检察一体的活动原则。更多还原

【Abstract】 The dissertation is about 32,000 words, consisting of three parts.The first part discusses the nature of procuratorial power. First, the author introduction on the conventional view of China and former Soviet Union, that is the procuratorial power is the concentrated embodiment of the legal supervision power. The procuratorial organs institute and attend the litigation is the species to carry out the legal supervision power. Second, the author discusses the concept of legal supervision power, and explains that the subject of the legal supervision power is not single. The object of the legal supervision power is not the generic citizen, juridical person and public organization. It supervises the implementing of the legislative power, the administrative power and the judicial power. So, the procuratorial power does not equal to legal supervision power. Meanwhile, it is not right that the procuratorial organs are responsible for legal supervision. Third, the author sums up the history and the present situation of the procuratorial system of different countries, and draws conclusion that the public prosecution power, the criminal investigation power and the litigation supervision power is the principally content of the procuratorial power. And the procuratorial power has the feature of the administrative power, judicial power and legal supervision power. In the west countries, the procuratorial power is believed to be a part of the administrative power. In our country, the procuratorial power is totally able to become a national basic power and is parallel to the administrative power and judicial power.The second part discusses to restrain the procuratorial power. The realization of the procuratorial power can not independent of the subject of the subject of the procuratorial power. And thesubject of" the subject of the procuratorial power is the owner and user of the procuratorial power. In the statutory of each country, the subject of the procuratorial power mostly is the procuratorial organs and procurator. To guard against the abuse of the procuratorial power and undertake the activity of the litigation is carried out normally, many countries take the principles of restraint as the working principles of the procuratorial organs, and restrain the subject of the procuratorial power exercising inside and outside the procuratorial organs. The restraint mechanism inside the procuratorial organs mostly is carried out through the relation between the superior and the subordinate that incarnated by the principles of integration. The superior procuratorial organs or procurators through direct supervise and correct the subordinate’s conduct, thereby reach the objective of restrain. The restraint mechanism outside the procuratorial organs mostly is carried out through the litigant, court, people’s congress and social force. The third part discusses the embodiment the nature of the procuratorial power and improves the restraint mechanism. First, on the grounds of the nature of the procuratorial power, the author sums up the nature and the position of the procuratorial organs of different countries. And incorporating the present situation of our country, the author draws conclusion that Chinese prople’s procuratorates should be responsible for public prosecution and legal supervision relevant to litigation. Second, on the ground of the new posit ion, the author makes suggestion to adjust the authority of Chinese prople’ s procuratorates. And give the opinion that we should carry out the principles of integration in the relation between the procuratorial organs and the public security, and set up the judicature control mechanism in the procedure before trial. We should also bring about the position of the procuratorial organs equal to the litigant. Third, the author makes suggestions to improve the restraint mechanism to the procuratorial power inside andoutside the Chinese prople’s procuratorates, among them the most important thing is to take the principles of integration as the working principles of the更多还原