植物源抑菌活性物质初步研究

【作者】 韩建华；

【导师】 杨之为；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 植物病理学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 从植物中寻找生物活性物质是目前开发新型杀菌剂的重要途径之一。我国西北地区植物资源丰富，是寻找植物源杀菌剂的理想场所。本文是在西北地区植物抑菌活性系统筛选的基础之上，以番茄灰霉病菌（Botrytis cirerea）、小麦赤霉病菌（Fusarium graminearum）、辣椒疫霉病菌（Phytophthora capsici）、苹果炭疽病菌（Glomerella cingulata）、玉米大斑病菌（Exserohilum turcicum）和小麦白粉病菌（Blumeria graminis）等为供试菌种，选取了西北地区6科27种植物，对其抑菌活性进行了较为系统的测定，并对其中抑菌活性较高的孜然进行了较为深入的研究，同时对江苏泰兴作为一种废料及污染源的银杏外种皮的抑菌活性进行了研究，得出以下结论： 1．通过对5种植物病原菌菌丝生长的抑制作用试验，发现当供试质量浓度为0.1g干样／ML时，孜然，白芷、短毛独活、千叶独活、盘花忍冬、鬼灯擎、黄素馨、太白冷杉对至少一种病原菌菌丝生长有80％以上的抑制作用；孜然、短毛独活、野胡萝卜、白芷、千叶独活、鬼灯擎、狮子七、费菜、太白冷杉提取物至少对一种病原菌的孢子萌发有80％以上的抑制作用； 2．在27种植物对小麦白粉病的盆栽抑菌活性试验中，孜然、短毛独活提取物对小麦白粉病的药效较高，均在70％以上；根据离体测定结果，选取离体测定下抑菌活性较高的植物对番茄灰霉病、苹果炭疽病进行活体测定，发现鬼灯擎、太白冷杉叶对番茄灰霉病的保护作用最强，药效均达55％以上，值得进一步研究。 3．高活性植物的进一步研究中，短毛独活、太白冷杉的活性部位分别集中在根部和叶部；在最适提取溶剂的研究中，短毛独活根的抑菌活性主要集中在乙酸乙酯提取物中，太白冷杉叶主要集中在丙酮提取物中，鬼灯擎根集中在极性溶剂提取物中；进一步用最适提取溶剂的提取物对菌丝的毒力测定结果发现，短毛独活根的乙酸乙酯提取物对玉米大斑病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌和番茄灰霉病菌抑菌活性较高，其EC₅₀分别为4.087、34.8458和6.9204g／L，其次为鬼灯擎根的丙酮提取物对玉米大斑病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌和番茄灰霉病菌，EC₅₀分别为7.8275、9.6318和9.2252g/L。 4．孜然样品抑菌活性研究中，孜然样品对5种病原菌的抑制物质主要集中在种子的乙酸乙酯提取物中，EC₅₀分别为10.1078、16.6725、9.1446、14.1914、6.1335g／L，且抑菌谱广泛；孜然油是对小麦白粉病防治作用较高的化合物。 5．SFE-CO₂萃取孜然油的最佳工艺条件是：当上样量为4g干样时，原料粒度过30目，萃取压力5000Psi，温度为55℃，静态萃取时间为5min，CO₂流量为60mL。6．银杏外种皮提取物对辣椒疫霉病菌、番茄灰霉病菌的抑制作用主要集中在石油醚提取物部位：而对玉米大斑病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、苹果炭疽病菌的抑制作用主要集中在石油醚提取物、丙酮提取物部位；乙醇提取物对小麦白粉病的治疗作用较高，达刀石0％；银杏外种皮的主要化学成分中氢化白果酸对小麦赤霉病菌、苹果炭疽病菌的抑菌效果较好，抑制率分别为 76．16％、52．93％；白果酚对小麦白粉病表现出较强的抑菌活性，其药效分别为：保护作用为sl．97兄治疗作用为78．69兄更多还原

【Abstract】 It is a important way to search new fungicides from plants. There are abundant resources from plants in the northwest of china which is a good aera. The reaserch based on screening plants from the area and utilized 27 plants of 6 families to bioassay. These fungi are Botrytis cirerea Fusarium graminearum Phytophthora capsicL Glomerella cingulata Exserohilum turcicum and Blumeria graminis We studyed specialy Cwninwn.cyminum and Ginkgo biloba L.which corned from Taixing of Jiangsu Province. The results as the following:Firstly, The extracts from Cuminum cyminum, Angelica dahurica, Heracleam moellendorffii, Heracleum millefolium, Lorucera tragophylla, Rodgersia aesculifolia, Abies fargesii and Jasminum giraldii have inhibition to hypha. Their inhibition ratio are strong more than 80% separately. The extracts’ inhibition ratio from Cuminum cyminum, Angelica dahurica, Heracleam moellendorffii, Heracleum millefolium, Abies fargesii, Rodgersia aesculifolia, Sedum aizoom, Rhodiola kirilowii and Daucus carat are powerful more than 80% relatively.Secondly, The extracts from Cuminum cyminum and Heracleam moellendorffii are obvious result, which rates are more than 70%. Extracts of plants that were strong inhibition in vitro are tested against to tomato gray mould and apple anthracnose in vivo on fruit. The result of experiment shows that the protective efficacy of Rodgersia aesculifolia and Abies fargesii are 55.56% and 55.83% to tomato gray mould.Thirdly, The root of Heracleam moellendorffii and leaf Abies fargesii are strong inhibition parts to hypha of 5 fungi. The extracts of acetidi aether and methanol from Heracleam moellendorffii, petroleu and acetm from Abies fargesii , athenol and methanol from Rodgersia aesculifolia are gather to restain mycelum of 5 fungi.Fouthly, The extracts of acetidin from Cuminum cyminum ore strong inhibition to hypha of 5 fungi. Cumin oil have inhibition to wheat powdery mildew. In the studying SFE-CO2 extraction of Cumin oil, when sample amount is 4g, the fittest conditions for extraction is material 30 order, 5000Psi, 55,static extracting 5min and 60ml CO2.Finally, The episperm from Ginkgo biloba was carried out. The fungistasis of hydroginkgoic acid and ginkgoic acid are high inhibition to hypha of 5 fungi. Ginkgol have strong inhibition to wheat powdery mildew.更多还原