【作者】 张志山；

【导师】 蔺海明； 谢忠奎；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 本论文以黄土高原西北部为研究区，通过中国科学院皋兰生态农业试验站2000～2001年雨水集流试验与春小麦、西瓜、西兰花和黄瓜的补灌试验，对各种集流场的年产流率和集流费用、蓄水窖(池)的贮水费用、作物的土壤水分变化动态、耗水规律、产量及其构成因素、水分利用效率和灌水效率(单方水产值)、以及各作物集雨补灌的投资与效益进行了研究，并探讨了300mm年雨量区日光温室高效的集水—用水模式。 对几种集流面的测定表明：年产流率大小顺序为日光温室棚面＞路面＞废膜集流面＞屋面＞红沙集流面＞清除土表杂草，各集流面的年均产流率为57.9％。集流费用的大小顺序为清除土表杂草＞红沙集流面＞废膜集流面＞棚面＞屋面＞路面，平均集流费用为1.07元／m~3。所选的几种蓄水窖(池)的平均贮水费用为5.08元／m~3，贮水费用明显地高于集流费用。 各作物生育期土壤水分变化动态曲线表明：由于受降水、灌水和作物耗水的影响，土壤水分变化动态曲线呈波动式下降；另外，砂田西瓜土壤水分变化动态曲线还受覆盖方式的影响。 各作物的耗水规律表明：随灌水量的增加，作物耗水量增加；小麦、西瓜、西兰花和黄瓜的平均日均耗水量为2.08mm、1.65mm、3.91mm和1.91mm。 各作物的产量及其构成因素分析表明：小麦试验灌水量和互作间的差异达极显著水平，随灌水量的增加，产量增加；各灌水方式间产量大小顺序为微喷灌、滴灌、管灌和对照；随灌水量的增加，千粒重对产量的贡献减少，而公顷穗数对产量的贡献增加。西瓜灌水量间的差异达显著水平，随灌水量的增加，产量、单瓜重和采收瓜数增加。西兰花试验结果表明，滴灌处理在株高、冠幅、花球重、单株茎叶重和产量上均明显优于管灌和微喷灌处理；在同一灌水方式内随灌水量增加，株高、冠幅、花球重、单株茎叶重和产量均增加。黄瓜试验表明，产量、采收瓜条数和单瓜重最大的处理为滴灌180mm。 各作物的水分利用效率分析表明：小麦补灌各处理的水分利用效率均高于对照，微喷灌的水分利用效率高于管灌和滴灌，以微喷灌67.5mm处理为最高；西瓜的水分利用效率随灌水量的增加而增加，以滴灌67.5mm处理最 高：西兰花的水分利用效率是滴灌高于管灌和微喷灌；黄瓜以滴灌180——处 理水分利用效率最高。 各作物的灌水效率（单方水产值）分析表明：小麦微喷灌的灌水效率高 于滴灌和管灌；西瓜的灌水效率随灌水量的增加而降低：西兰花滴灌的灌水 效率高于管灌和微喷灌；黄瓜以滴灌 90mm和滴灌 180mm处理的灌水效率．最高。对四种作物的单方水产值比较分析表明，其大小顺序依次为日光温室 黄瓜、大田西兰花、砂田西瓜和大田小麦。 对各作物集雨水利用的投资与效益分祈表明：小麦各处理的净产值均为 负值，随灌水量的增加，净产值降低：砂日西瓜随灌水量的增加，投资额。 总产值和净产值也增加；西兰花滴灌和管灌的投资显著高于微喷灌，但其总 产值和净产值也显著高于微喷灌，在同一灌水方式内随灌水量的增加，其总 投资、总产值和净产值增加，以滴灌975mtn处理净产值最高；日光温室黄 瓜随灌水量的增加，其总投资增加，而总产值和净产值以滴灌 180nun处理最 高，其中净产值达187017．3元fi3．u－－＼对四种作物集雨水利用的效益比较分析 表明，净产值的大小顺序依次为日光温室黄瓜、大田西兰花、砂田西瓜和大 田小麦。 对日光温室棚面集水和温室内集雨补灌的分析表明：在300nun年雨量 区，普通日光温室棚面（建筑面积 637 i勺的年产流量为 162．4in’；满足产 量、水分利用效率、产值和单方上产值最高的灌水量为 180mm，这一处理的 总耗水量为119．9 m‘；为便于日光温室蔬菜生产，建议在温室内修建一座贮 水量为 20 m3的水池，在温室外修建贮水量为 100 m‘的水窖（池人即为日光 温室集水一用水的“一池一窖”模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the northwest Loess Plateau as an interesting study area, the paper was based on the experimental study on in-situ rainwater harvesting and the supplementary irrigation study on spring wheat, watermelon, broccoli and cucumber. The experiments were conducted at the ecological experiment station (Gaolan County, Gansu Province), Chinese Academy of Science, in 2000-2001. The paper was designed to explore the rate of runoff and the catchment’s cost of various catchments, analyze the storage cost of various water cellars, and investigate the soil water dynamics, regular of water consumption, yield and its content, water use efficiency (WUE), water irrigation efficiency (WIE) or economic benefit per cubic water, and output value of various crops. Based on the above studies, a catchments-water utilization model for solar greenhouse in the region of precipitation 300mm was proposed.The results of rainwater harvesting experiment are listed as follow: The rates of runoff per year were the surface of solar greenhouse>the road surface>waste plastic catchments>the house surface>the red-sand catchments>the catchments cleaned weeds; the average annual rate of runoff was 57.9%. The catchment’s costs were the catchments cleaned weeds>the red-sand catchments>the waste plastic catchments>the surface of solar greenhouse>the house surface>the road surface; the average catchment’s cost was 1.07 Yuan.m"J. The average storage cost of various water cellars was 5.08 Yuan.m"3; the storage cost was significantly higher than the catchment’s cost.The results of the soil water dynamics of various crop’s growth period are listed as follow: Due to influence of precipitation, irrigation and crop’s water consumption, the soil water dynamics appeared fluctuated decreasing. Besides, the soil water dynamics of watermelon in gravel-mulched field were subjected to the way of mulching.The results of the regulation of water consumption of various crops are listed asfollow: With irrigation quantities increased, the water consumption of crops was increasing. The wheat and broccoli experiments showed that the water consumption of crops don’t change with the ways of irrigation. The average water consumptions of wheat, watermelon, broccoli and cucumber were respectively 2.08mm, 1.65mm, 3.91mm and 1.91mm.The results of yields and theirs contents are listed as follow: About wheat, the differences among irrigation quantities treats and among interaction were very significant; with irrigation quantities increased, the yields were increasing; the yields of the ways irrigation were micro-sprinkle irrigation> pipe-irrigation> drip-irrigation>CK; with irrigation quantities increased, the contribution of 1000 grain weight was decreasing, but the contribution of the number of ears per heliometers was increasing. The differences among irrigation quantities of watermelon were significant; with irrigation quantities increased, the yields, the weight of per fruit and the number of watermelon were increasing. About broccoli, the plant height, crown, the fruit weight, the weight of stem and leaves and the yield of drip-irrigation was superior than of pipe-irrigation and micro-sprinkle irrigation; with irrigation quantities increased, the yields and theirs contents were increasing. About cucumber, the treat of drip-irrigation 180mm had significant supper in yield, the number of cucumber and the fruit weight.The results of WUE of crops are listed as follow: The WUE of irrigation’s treats were higher than of CK; the WUE of micro-sprinkle irrigation were higher than of pipe-irrigation and drip-irrigation; the WUE of micro-sprinkle irrigation 67.5mm was highest. The WUE of watermelon was increasing with irrigation quantities increased; the highest WUE was drip-irrigation 67.5rrrn. About broccoli, the WUE of drip-irrigation were higher than of pipe-irrigation and micro-sprinkle irrigation. The WUE of drip-irrigation 180mm was highest about cucumber.The results of WIE of crops (economic benefit per cubic water) are listed as follow: The WIE of micro-sprink更多还原