【作者】 张培栋；

【导师】 蔺海明；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 “四位一体”生态农业模式是近些年来在我国北方发展和推广较快的一种生态农业类型，它巧妙地利用食物链加环技术，在设施上将日光温室、畜(禽)舍、厕所、沼气池联体构建，改变了传统的单一种植方式，实现了种植、饲养的有机结合，并通过沼气池的厌氧发酵作用，实现了有机物的多级循环利用。在同一块地上实现了产气积肥同步，种植与养殖并举的周年环保型生产机制。该模式能够有效解决农村能源供应与高效利用、有效保护农村生态环境，是促进农村经济快速、健康发展的一项重要手段，这对于燃料、肥料、饲料俱缺，生态环境恶劣，经济发展相对滞后的北方半干旱雨养农业区农业发展意义重大。 本论文基于将“四位一体”生态农业模式确定为一个完整的生态系统，从生态系统生态学的角度对该系统的能量流动状况进行了初步研究。 通过2001年对“四位一体”生态农业模式生态系统能量流动状况的研究，得出如下结论： 1、在整个生长季节“四位一体”生态农业系统输入能量总计1109820MJ，其中93.43％为太阳能，辅助能输入总计72930MJ，占总能量输入的6.57％。系统共输出能量25630MJ总能量输入输出比为43：1。在能量输出中以饲养系统为最高，占总能量输出的45.65％；其次为厌氧发酵系统占总能量输出的28.28％再次为种植系统，占26.07％。 2、种植系统收获果实的生物量为1321.0kg，干重为118.89kg，输出能量为2240MJ；生产的茎叶、秸秆总量为1144.26kg，干重为186.07kg，输出能量3500MJ；地下部分鲜重为377.10kg，干重为50.23kg，输出能量9400MJ。平均生物产量为8.46kg／m~2，经济产量为3.93 kg／m~2。整个生长季节种植系统生产的总生物量为2842.36kg，干重355.19kg，光合作用固定的总能量为6680MJ。其中用于经济产出的能量占总固定能量的33.53％。初级生产力(E％)为1.37。 3、饲养系统中，共投入饲料1451.58kg，输入能量17820MJ；共产生猪451.44kg，输出能量11700MJ；试验期内四头猪共排粪1576kg，排尿2076kg，输出能量13100MJ。 该系统饲喂料重比为3．75：l，能量投入产出比为1．52：l，饲料与产肉比率为4．30： 1。饲料利用效率为ZI％。 4、在厌氧发酵系统共输入人粪便 6056 kg，猪粪便共计 5392 kg，orA8de合 计41540w，共产沼气124．7f，输出gs 2610MJ，沼液6000呛，输出g馒46灿， 沼渣3300 kg，输出s84180MJ，该系统输出能量合计7250MJ。厌氧发酵系绷瞳 输入与输出比为5．72：1，能量转化效率为17．45％。 5、在辅助能的输入中生物辅助能是其主体，占总辅助g獭入的88．4Ch，工业 辅助能中以间接工业辅助能输入为主，占总辅助能输入的 11．60％，直接工业辅助 能仅占 0．i 8％。在辅助能的各项投入中以有机肥为最多，占总辅助能输入的 59．98％， 其次为饲料占24．43％。 6、日光温室夜间散热的主要途径，前屋面贯流放热、上壤横向传导放热和缝 隙间放热三者之间的比例为川．6：2．7：1．0。 通过冰四位一体”日光温室中不同施肥条件下的西葫芦品质分析的研究发现， 其基本营养成分和氨基酸含量存在差异，前者氨含量低于后者 16．4％。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Four-in-one" eco-agricultural model is one kind that has a rapid development in north China in recent years. The model which ingeniously used added-ring technology of the food chain, composed integrated with sunlight greenhouse, animal house, toilet and biogas cellar, the model changed traditional solo planting method into organic combining with planting and breeding together, realized multi-circle utilization of organic matter by ferment function of biogas cellar. The model realized gas producing in pace with manure-accumulation together, and was a production mechanic in whole year combining \\ith planting and breeding which was also good to environment protection in the same field. The model could effectively solve the supplication and utilization of energy resources, could protect eco-emoronment of the rural region, and promote the rural economy to quickly and healthy development as well. It has important significance for agricultural development of rained agricultural region in north China where are also shortage of fuel, fertilizer and forage, have adverse eco-environment, and are backward in economic development.Based on defined "four-in-one" eco-agricultural model as an integrated eco-system. The paper has studied on energy flowing of the "four-in-one" eco-agricultural system in 2001, the results are listed as follow.1. In whole growing season, the input energy of the "four-in-one" eco-agricultural system added up to 1109820MJ, the percent of solar energy and the auxiliary energy are respectively 93.43% and 6.57%; the output energy added up to 25630MJ; the ratio of input/output of energy was 43:1; the sequence of output energy were the breeding system, the ferment system and the planting system, the percentage of output energy were respectively 45.65%, 28.28% and 26.07%.2. In planting system, the harvested fruits were 1321 .Okg, corresponding to 188.89kg dry material and 2240MJ output energy; the produced straw were 1144.26kg, corresponding to 186.07kg dry material and 3500MJ output energy; the roots were 377.10kg, corresponding to 50.23kg dry material and 9400MJ output energy; the total biomass were 2842.36kg, corresponding to 355.19kg dry material and 6680MJ output energy. The average biomass yield was 7.36kg/m:!, and the average economic yield was 3.93 kg/in1. The percentage of the output energy for economic production of total fixed energy was 33.53%. The primary productivity (E%) was 1.37%.3. In breeding system, the input forage was 1451.58kg, corresponding to 17820MJ input energy; the output of pig was 451.44kg, corresponding to 11700MJ output energy; the output of excrement and urine was 3652kg, corresponding to 13100MJ output energy. The ratio of forage/pig was 3.75:1; the ratio of input/output of energy was 1.52:1 ;the ratio of forage/meat was 4.30:1. The forage use efficiency was 21%.4. In the ferment system, the input of excrement and urine was 11448kg, corresponding to 41540MJ input energy; the output of biogas gas was 124.7mJ, corresponding to 2610MJ output energy; the output of biogas slurry was 6000kg, corresponding to 460MJ output energy; the output biogas residues was 3300kg, corresponding to 4180MJ output energy; the total output energy was 7250MJ. The ratio of input/output of energy was 5.72:1; the transform percentage of energy was 17.45%.5. The auxiliary energy included in biological energy subsidies and industry energy subsidies: the biological energy subsidies was main part of auxiliary energy, amount to 88.40%; the most input of industry energy subsidies was indirect industry energy subsidies which was 11.60% of the total auxiliary energy, the direct industry energy subsidies was 0.18%. Besides, organic matter and forage occupied the important part in auxiliary energy, respectively amount to 59.98% and 24.43%.6. In sunlight greenhouse, heat were lost by three ways in the night, including on front side heat loss, soil horizontal conducting heat loss and crevice heat loss. The ratios were 10.6:2.7:1.0.Besides, another experiment was conducted,更多还原