30%敌畏·氧乐注干液剂对木本植物的药害机理及药效研究

【作者】 唐光辉；

【导师】 刘铭汤； 张兴；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 森林资源保护， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 本文研究了30％敌畏·氧乐注干液剂对植物的药害机理、药效及植物体对药剂的吸收规律，利用植物抗逆性生理研究方法来揭示药害机理，并讨论了植物体各项生理生化指标变化与药害的关系。 田间实验结果表明，在适宜的药剂浓度条件下，30％敌畏·氧乐注干液剂对杨树、国槐等大多数林木不产生药害，但对苹果等产生药害。而室内条件下相同药液浓度均使杨树、国槐、苹果枝条产生药害，并且超过80倍液时均无明显药害。通过对三种林木对药液吸收速率，田间药害症状、传导方向、部位差异的研究认为苹果、桃树、山楂和梨等由于吸药速率快，且存在单侧输导现象，短时间内植物特定部位药剂积累量超过了其忍受的阈值，从而造成药害。 室内条件测试中新疆杨和苹果产生药害的原因主要有两方面，一是造成植物细胞发生质壁分离，二是细胞膜透性增大、膜质过氧化。注干液剂中单剂、混剂及其各组分都可对新疆杨叶片造成药害，氧化乐果的症状表现比敌敌畏明显。药剂使质膜的结构及稳定性遭到破坏，对膜系统保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性产生影响，药害初期活性上升，随后受到抑制。MDA含量上升，膜的伤害程度进一步加剧。 杀虫剂对新疆杨和苹果的生理生化有显著影响，表现在叶绿素a／b发生变化、光合速率下降、胞内CO2浓度和蒸腾速率升高、多酚氧化酶活性上升及游离态脯氨酸积累等。 实验认为药水系数和累积药水系数能够比较客观地反映植物对药剂的吸收能力，系数值高则表示植物对药剂的吸收能力强，反之则低。 新疆杨、国槐和苹果对敌敌畏和氧化乐果的吸收能力为杨树＞苹果＞国槐：11种不同类型的木本植物对30％敌畏·氧乐5倍稀释液的吸收速率有很大差别，大小次序为：山楂、桃树、苹果、女贞、君迁子、七叶树、侧柏、国槐、泡桐、杨树、核桃。 田间防效结果表明30％敌畏·氧乐对草履蚧的防治效果可以达到95.9％以上，对槐木虱防效分别大于96.4％，对危害新疆杨和合作杨的光肩星天牛幼虫可达到理想防效。更多还原

【Abstract】 The thesis studied the phytotoxicity, efficiency and absorption of 30% dichlorvos and omethoate injection pesticide in woody plant, showed the phytotoxicity by means of the plant Resistance to Environmental Stresses and discusssed the relationship between change of phsi-ological and biochemical indexes and phytotoxic.Experiment showed the causes of phytotoxic of 30% dichlorvos and omethoate to apple tree were quick absorption, unilateral translocation and the tolerate threshold value of plant tissue to pesticide was exceeded in short time. Two main phytotoxicity mechanisms were gained by studies on poplar and apple trees: firstly, pesticides can cause plant cell membrane departed from cell wall because of the high concentration. Secondly, can cause cell membrane relative permeability increased and membrane lipid peroxidation. Each components of mixed pesticide can damage the structure of poplar leaves, and the symptoms of omethoate were more obvious than dichlorvos. Pesticides damaged cell membranes, which appeared oxidizing, increased the permeability of cell membranes in poplar trees, so that SOD, POD enzyme activities were inhibited, polyphenol oxidase activity increased at first, then reduced. SOD and POD enzyme activity in apple leaves were remarkably inhibited and the content of MDA was increased.The pesticide had a remarkable interference on chlorophyll a/b, photosynthesis rate, CO, concentration of cell and evaporation rate, free proline accumulating.Experiments showed that the ratio of pesticide and water could objectively reflect plant ability" to absorb solvent, the higher ratio, the more absorption.The plant ability’ to absorb dichlorvos and omethoate were: P. alba var bolleanu>M. pumilla>S. japonica. We found there existed a great difference in absorption to 30% diohlorvos and omethoate diluted 5 times among eleven woody plants, the rank of absorption from higher to lower were Crutagus pinnatifida, Pruns persica, M. Pumila, Ligustrus lucidum, Diospyros kaki, Aesculus chinensis, Plutycladus orientalis S. Japonica, Paulownia spp., Populus spp. and Juglans regia.Field experiments demonstrated that efficacy of 30% dichlorvos and omethoate for Drosicha corpulenta was 95.9% and Psylla willieti 96.4%. For Anoplophora glabripennis and Apriona swainsoni also gained perfected efficiency.更多还原