【作者】 江丽娜；

【导师】 曹海晶；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 经济法， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 二十世纪以来，随着现代工业迅速发展，产品种类日益丰富，构造日趋复杂，危险程度也随之提高。为保护消费者利益及规范市场机制，以美国和西欧为代表的一些发达国家和地区逐步制定了产品责任法。本文从比较法的角度，围绕美国、欧洲产品责任法律制度中关于产品责任的归责原则等主要方面，结合中国目前产品责任法律制度进行比较研究。 首先，本文明确界定了产品责任的涵义，将产品责任与制造者责任和产品质量责任作了明确的区分，澄清了国内一些学者将产品责任混淆于产品质量责任的错误认识。指出产品责任的性质既非合同责任，也非合同责任与侵权责任竞合而成的一种双重责任，而是一种特殊的侵权责任。通过将产品责任与合同责任的社会基础、法律目的、成立要件及法律效力方面的比较，从学理上对产品责任的侵权责任性质进行了分析。 其次，本文系统分析了自十九世纪中期英国著名案例“温特博特诉赖特”案确立的合同责任以来，各国产品责任归责原则上呈现出的严格化趋势的三种表现：过错推定、担保责任、严格责任。给出严格责任的一般定义，指出严格责任与传统的过错责任及无过错责任的区别。严格责任还具备的两大独特功能：一是提高社会效益的功能。严格责任通过施加责任规则，鼓励生产者增加产品安全的投入，设法减少和消除可以避免的危险。严格责任通过提高危险性产品的价格并将它置于市场中的不利地位，来减少对这些产品的消费，从而实现市场抑制。严格责任通过简化确定责任所必须的证明过程来降低包括运行事故修复系统的成本在内的交易成本。二是严格责任能通过恢复受害人的权利，实现 公平与公正。 再次，根据我国现有的产品责任相关立法，在分析国内的过错责任说、严 格责任说及双重责任说的基础上，认可双重责任说。认为我国现阶段实行严格 责任原则的条件尚不成熟，所采用的归责原则是过错责任与严格责任相结合的 双重归责原则。并根据产品责任主体的不同，对生产者的责任、销售者的责任、 中间人的责任分别论述，进一步论证了我国产品责任的双重归责结构。 基于法的公平性，产品责任法在保护消费者的同时，也赋予了相应的抗辩 事由来维护加害人的合法权益。抗辩事由分责任排除事由，责任减免事由及其 他抗辩事由。其中，责任排除事由包括：未投入流通、不能发现的潜在危险、 非为经济目的生产或销售、产品缺陷是由成品生产者的设计或说明造成从而免 除半成品生产者的赔偿责任、为使产品符合国家法律法规的强制性要求而导致 产品存在缺陷、用旧的产品。责任减兔事由包括：受害人的故意即自甘冒险、 误用、修改或更改产品及受害人的过失。其他抗辩事由包括诉讼时效超过、请 求权消失等。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the developing of modem industry in the twentieth century, the varieties of products increased and the structure of products became more and more complicated. Thus the danger of the products enhanced. Many countries and districts in the world such as America and western Europe drafted product liability law. Standing from the point of comparative law, the essay does some research on the rule of products liability. Firstly, the essay gives a explicit definition of product liability. It distinguishes the product liability from the manufacturer’s liability and the quality liability. It points out that the property of products is tort instead of contract liability and double liability. By comparing the social foundation, the aim of the law, the essential terms and effort of law between products liability and contract liability, it analyses the tort property of products liability from the academic view. Secondly, the essay expounds the display of products liability in the strict tendency after the well known case Winterbottom v. Wright in the nineteenth century. The displays are fault inducing, assuring liability and strict liability. It provides the general definition of strict liability. It also distinguishes strict liability from traditional fault liability and innocent liability. The strict liability has two particular functions: improving social efficiency and realizing fairness and impartiality. Thirdly, the essay holds that China nowadays adopts the double rules of products liability. In other words, our country adopts the rule of fault liability and strict liability. It also analyses the manufacturer’s liability, the seller’s liability and the middleman’s liability. Based on the impartiality, the products liability law protect the liability person’s legistimate intrests as well as the consumer’s. The contradictory issues includes : the exclusive clauses, abatement clauses and other clauses. Key words: Products Liability,Property,Rule, Strict Liability,Contradictory,Issue更多还原