近代区乡行政的建立（1901—1928）

【作者】 丁海秀；

【导师】 魏光奇；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 19世纪末20世纪初，随着中国地方社会近代化进程的起步，传统的地方行政体制在履行各种社会职能方面日益显示出严重的不适应性。面对这种形势，在清末新政、预备立宪和北洋政府统治期间，全国大部分地区建立了区乡一级行政制度。本文拟从政治学和历史学的角度，对这种近代区乡行政制度的各主要侧面，包括区划的形成和沿革、行政机构的建立和主要职能等，进行粗略的探讨，并在此基础上总结其得失。本文共分六章： 第一章：清末以前的乡里制度。中国古代的乡里制度，秦至唐中叶置乡官；唐中叶以后，乡官沦为贱役。至清末，这种乡里制度已经不能适应中国近代化的进程，近代区乡行政制度应运而生。 第二章：区乡（镇）行政区划的形成。从1901至1928年间，全国大多数地区在（州）县之下出现了区乡一级行政区划。主要有：单一行政职能性质的区划；自治行政区划；国家行政区划；由清代乡地演变而来的区划。这几种区划之间的关系或为共时态的并存，或为历时态的沿革，或两者兼而有之。 第三章：区乡（镇）行政机构的设立。清末民初，各（州）县在地方上划定学区、警区和自治区后，也相应地建立了自治或行政机构，产生了实际履行区乡基层自治或行政职能的区乡首领和一般行政人员。这些区乡行政机构均具有地方自治的性质，一方面其乡职人员大部分为本地人，多由地方公举产生；另一方面，其薪俸及办公费用也大部分由地方自行筹集。 第四章：区乡（镇）行政机构的职能。近代区乡行政机构建立后，在筹集款项、兴办教育、维持治安、兴办医疗卫生、举办慈善救济、发展实业等方面发挥了重要的作用。 第五章：近代村治。民国以来，在区乡（镇）之下又出现了一种近代意义上的，具有地方自治性质的基层组织——“近代村治”。当时比较有特色的有“山西村治”和“云南村治”。 第六章：近代区乡行政的得失。清末至北洋时期近代区乡行政的建立与发展是近代社会政治制度近代化的一次有益尝试，对国民政府时期以至今天的地方行政体制改革都有着重要的借鉴意义。但由于当时政治腐败，经济、文化落后等各种阻力因素，近代区乡行政又有着失败的一面，它并未能如设计者们最初所设想的那样，达到整合地方社会的目标。更多还原

【Abstract】 At the end of I 9~ century and in the beginning of 20~ century, with the outset of the modernization in the localities, the traditionally administrative system of locality could not adapt to carrying all kinds of society functions. Facing such situation, during the new policy of Qing dynasty, preparing the erecting constitution and the rule of Beiyang government, the most of all the country founded the administrative system of district and country. From the viewpoint of politics and history, the thesis discusses the all kinds of main sides of the modern administrative system of district and country, including the forming and evolving of the administrative division, the founding and function of the administrative organization. On the basis of such discussing, the thesis will summarize the success and the failure. The following:1 .The system of country and ii before the end of Qing dynasty. According to the system of country and ii in ancient China, the officers of country were appointed from the Qin dynasty to the middle period of Tang Dynasty; after that time, the officers fell into the lowly forced labors. At the end of Qing Dynasty, this system had not adapted the development of the modernization of China, thus the administrative system of district and country emerged.2.The forming of the administrative division of district and country. From 1901 to1928, the administrative division of district and country under the county produced in the most of all the nation, mainly including the sole administrative division, the autonomous administrative division, the national administrative division, and the administrative division evolving from the country division of Qing dynasty. The relation between such kinds of divisions coexisted at the same time, or evolved at the continuing time, or the two situations coexisted.3 .The foundation of the administrative organization of the district and country. At the end of Qing dynasty and in the beginning of the Republic China, after the educational district, the police district and the autonomous district were established in all the counties, the autonomous or administrative organization were established and the leaders and the common administrative officers were elected who carried out the autonomous and administrative function of the country. These administrative organizations of the country had the character of regional autonomy. On the one hand, these people were in this locality, and elected publicly by the locality; on the other hand, their salaries and the cost of the administration were raised by the locality.4.The function of the administrative organization of the district and country. After3the establishing of the administrative organization of the district and country in the modernization time, it played an important role in the raising funds, initiating the education, keeping order, setting up medical work and charities, developing the industry.5.The management of the modernization village. Since the republic China, under the district and country, the management of the modernization village emerged, which was the basic organization of modernization, having the character of the locality autonomy. At that time, the management of village in Yun抧an and Shanxi had distinguishing feature.6.The success and failure of administration of the modern country. At the end of the Qing dynasty and in the period of the Beiyang government, the foundation and development of the administration of the modernization country were a beneficial attempt to the modernization of the modern politics system, and had the important meaning of reference to the reforming of the modern administrative system from the Republic China to today. But at that time because of the hindering factor, such as the corruption of the politics, the lagging of the economy and culture, the administration of the modern country had the side of failure, and it could not get the objective of uniting the society as the expectation of its designer at the更多还原