【作者】 程旺大；

【导师】 赵国平； 张国平；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究针对水稻节水高效栽培这一问题，通过1999和2000年两年田间试验，重点研究了节水栽培对稻田生态和水稻生长后期的生理特性、产量和品质的影响。根据浙江省的气候和生产实际，分析比较了直播型、移栽型和覆膜旱作型三种节水栽培方式对稻田生态特别是土壤水分和稻田温度的影响，不同节水栽培方式对水稻生育后期养分和干物质积累、运转及籽粒灌浆特性的影响，以及对灌浆成熟期根叶衰老、光合特性和产量、品质的效应。研究的主要结果如下： 1）采用的几种节水栽培方式均有较好的节水效果，表现灌溉次数减少，灌溉水量显著降低，水分利用效率提高。节水栽培条件下，稻田土壤水分相应降低，全生育期平均土壤含水量，覆膜旱作处理在30％左右，节水处理在35-39％，而常规处理在40-45％。节水栽培提高地面温度和5cm、10cm土层温度以及日最高温度，使昼夜温差增大，水作节水栽培日最低温度较常规低，而覆膜旱作栽培日最低温度高于常规处理。覆膜旱作栽培白天地面温度和土层温度的增温效果均明显，水作节水栽培有提高白天地面温度和土层温度的趋势，但与常规栽培的差异不显著；随着土层的加深，日最高温度的出现时间延迟。在各项增温效应中，覆膜旱作栽培最为明显。节水栽培通过对水分的调控实现了对养分的调控，有利于养分的释放、吸收和利用。 2）孕穗期至成熟期，覆膜旱作栽培的干物质积累量均低于水作栽培，越到后期差异越大，水作节水处理抽穗前的干物质积累量较常规处理低，齐穗期与常规处理接近，灌浆成熟期则超过常规处理。干物质在鞘、茎、叶、穗等源库器官的分配上，各栽培方式孕穗期的差异较小；齐穗期，旱作栽培水稻穗部积累比例较低，叶片积累比例较高；成熟期，旱作处理穗部积累比例最高，水作节水处理其次，相应地鞘中积累比例较低。覆膜旱作栽培抽穗后的物质转换率显著高于水作栽培，而节水处理略低于常规处理。 3）覆膜旱作水稻后期N、P、K的积累量均低于水作栽培，其中以P的吸收量减少最为显著；水作节水处理与常规处理比，生育后期水稻N、K养分的吸收量明显较高，但P的吸收量较小；各处理养分的吸收高峰期均在孕穗-齐穗期，其它生育期的吸收量，节水处理齐穗后＞孕穗前，而常规处理孕穗前＞齐穗后。表明，节水处理影响对P的吸收和积累，这与不同土壤水分下P的释放和有效性及水稻根系活力的差异有关。试验表明，水稻干物质积累量与植株对养分的吸收、积累密切相关。 4）覆膜旱作栽培灌浆速率呈单峰，前期增重快，灌浆强度大，活跃灌浆期 短，弱势粒的灌浆较差，使结实率和粒重降低。水作栽培灌浆速率呈双峰，节水 处理起始生长势强，前期灌浆较快，全灌浆期灌浆速度平缓，活跃灌浆期长；强、 弱势粒的灌浆均较常规栽培好，结实率和粒重增加。 5）试验结果表明，覆膜旱作栽培后期不同程度地使水稻生理机能的衰退加 快，根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率、光合势等下降较快， 叶片洲D、叩D等保护酶活性迅速下降，而mA含量较高，叶片早衰，使籽粒干 物质积累受阻；结实率、粒重下降，产量显著下降；但经济系数显著高于水作栽 培，在一定程度上弥补了群体干物质积累量低的不足。水作节水栽培不仅改善光 合因子，提高光合效率，而且叶片 洲D、POD酶活性较高，MDA含量低；有利子 延缓根叶衰老，结实率提高，促进籽粒增重，产量较常规栽培显著增加。本研究 启示出，提高后期生理机能是覆膜旱作水稻高产的关键。 6）覆膜旱作和水作节水栽培水稻糙米率、精米率、整精米率和蛋白质含量 提高，其中整精米率、蛋白质含量与常规栽培差异显著，旱作栽培水稻胶稠度和 噩白度下降，水作节水栽培垒白度较常规栽培高，垒白粒率因品种而异；其它品 质指标如透明度、糊化温度、直链淀粉含量等处理间无显著差异。在稻米综合品 质上；覆膜旱作和水作节水栽培水稻的综合品质较常规栽培提高。更多还原

【Abstract】 Irrigation water management is becoming critically important throughout the world. China has led to the urgent need in reduction of irrigation. Rice is the important food crop and consumes the greatest irrigation water in China as well as Zhejiang. As freshwater for agriculture becomes increasingly scarce, the measure should be taken to improve the water utilization efficiency in rice production. Presently, the water-saving and high-efficiency rice cultivation (WSHERC) mainly involved in direct-seeded rice with moist cultivation (DS), transplanted rice with moist cultivation (TP) and dry cultivation with mulched plastic film (DC). The field experiments for two consecutive years (1999 and 2000) with above three WSHERC were conducted to determine their ecological effects on rice field, especially in soil water content and temperature, and on nutrient accumulation, distribution and translocation, and dry matter accumulation as well as grain filling rate. In addition, the effect of DC, DS and TP on root and leaf senescence, photosynthesis during the grain filling stage and grain yield and quality were also studied. DC included dry-direct-seeding and wet-direct-seeding. There were three methods of WSHERC with moist cultivation (WMC): dry-direct-seeding, wet-direct-seeding method and transplanting, and corresponding controls are their conventional cultivation methods (CK). The main results were as follows: 1) All WSHERC have obvious functions in terms of water saving, thus leading to reduced irrigation times and irrigation water consumption, and increased water use efficiency (WUE). Soil water content (SWC), on an average of whole rice growth duration, varied in treatments and was 30%, 35~39% and 40?45% for DC, WMC and CK, respectively. In the field treated by WSHERC, the temperature at the ground surface. 5cm and 10cm depth. underground, daily maximum i.emperature and daily? temperature difference were higher than those in the control. The daily minimum temperature in WMC was lower than that in the control, but it was higher for DC. In comparison with moist cultivation, daily surface and underground temperature in DC condition showed significant increase. In addition, the time of daily maximum temperature occurred later as the ground depth increased. The results showed that DC significantly increased the surface and underground temperature. As a result, WSHERC might be favorable to higher rate in soil nutrient release and absorption by Iv rice due to its regulation of the soil moisture. 2) The variation in shoot dry matter accumulation during the duration from booting to maturity stage revealed that the total dry matter under DC was lower than that in moist cultivation, and became greater with the growth and development. In comparison with CK, the total shoot dry matter in WMC was lower before booting stage, similar at heading, and higher during grain filling stage. As to the redistribution of dry matter to various plant organs, there were no insignificant difference at booting stage among the treatments, but relatively less and more allotment to ear and to leaf blade, respectively were found for DC at heading stage. Moreover, at maturity stage, DC had highest ratio of dry matter allotment in ear followed by WMC and CK was leaf sheath the lowest. Correspondingly, allotment ratio of dry matter in ~ was lower for both DC and WMC. The translocation of the biomass after更多还原