【作者】 石建刚；

【导师】 冯培红；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 历史文献学， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 结合佛经和图像资料,文章将涅槃图像中的乐舞者分为世俗奉佛者、佛教神众、外道和诸魔等四大类。涅槃图像中的世俗乐舞者形象,大多表现的是为释迦操持葬礼的拘尸那城的末罗人,其形象多与菩萨相类,仅没有头光。乐舞的佛教神众,除了大家所熟知的飞天外。唐宋时期还出现了天龙八部众乐舞图像和涅槃升天思想影响下的天人乐舞图像。在佛教末法思想盛行、社会战乱不断的背景下,陕北的宋代涅槃图像中出现了罗汉乐舞图像。涅槃图像中的外道乐舞图像最早出现于河西地区的北魏造像塔中,外道形象继承了犍陀罗涅槃图像中的裸形尼乾子外道形象。而从莫高窟初唐332窟始,变为婆罗门式的外道形象,为之后的图像所继承。这类涅槃图像通过极具矛盾冲突的艺术手法,来表现末法时代外道盛行,以警醒佛教弟子护法护教。涅槃图像中的诸魔乐舞者,由早期依据小乘涅槃经,表现诸魔庆佛涅槃,到宋代出现的依据大乘涅槃经,表现诸魔护持佛教,供养释迦,反映了大小乘涅槃思想在不同地域、不同时期的传承变化。更多还原

【Abstract】 By combining Buddhist sutras and figure materials, this paper classifies the dancers of nirvana images into four classes:secular Buddhist followers, Gods of Buddhism, heterodox images and demons’images. Secular dancers’figure in nirvana images usually look as the people of malla who preside over generally the funeral ceremony of Sakya, and look, more or less, the same as Bodhisatta, except that they are destitute of halo.Gods of Buddhism, other than common flying Apsaras, have some new images between Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty, such as Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils and devas which perhaps obtain inspiration from nirvana and ascesion. In the social background that dharma thoughts are relatively prevalent and the society falls into persistent chaos and upheavals, nirvana images in Southern Shanxi province in Song Dynasty emerge the images of Arhat dancers.The figures of heterodox dancers in nirvana images appear firstly in the statue tower in Northern Wei Dynasty, which is located in Zhuanglang, a place in the west of Yellow River(Hexi region), from which we can find the naked Nigannta, one heterodox image in nirvana images. Yet from the beginning of Cave No.332in Mogo Caves which can date back to the early Tang Dynasty, it becomes the heterodox image of Brahman, which is inherited by subsequent images. By extremely contradictory means of artistic expression, nirvana images of this kind mainfest that heterodox is quite prevalent in Dharma Ending Age and remind Buddhists to defend Buddhism.Many deomon dancers’figures in nirvana images experience some changes, for example, they behave firsty in accordance with Theravada Nirvana, and then Mahayana nirvana in Song Dynasty, defending Buddhism and serving Sakya, which indicates that Theravada Nirvana and Mahayana Nirvana have different inheriting changes in different regions and different periods.更多还原