【作者】 卢霞；

【导师】 张明泉； 乔世俊；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 环境工程（专业学位）， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 近几年,我国大部分省市出现的拉闸限电的现象,间接地反映出我国目前面临严峻的能源危机。传统的火力发电以煤炭为主要燃料,煤炭作为一种不可再生的化石燃料,不仅开采和挖掘难,而且污染空气。因此需要调整我国能源利用的结构,大力发展清洁能源。太阳能作为最有潜力的清洁能源,因其储量丰富、普遍、经济等越来越受到人们的关注。我国西北地区有广袤的荒漠化土地,土地因其肥力下降或是沙化严重而被弃置,可以利用其丰富的太阳能在这些荒漠戈壁上建设光伏电站。这一措施不仅可以缓解我国的能源危机,而且还能充分利用广阔的土地和丰富的太阳能资源,达到治理环境的目的。本文以酒泉市东洞滩百万千瓦光伏示范基地为例,通过实地考察和收集资料,对示范基地每年的发电量进行预测,在此基础上对示范基地进行减排预测,根据热力学公式估算出地表温度每年的变化量。再根据蒸发量的计算公式,预测示范基地建成后土壤水分蒸发率的变化趋势,进而预测出相对湿度的变化趋势。根据相对湿度和降水量的相关关系,推求示范基地建成后降水量的变化趋势。最后根据植被覆盖度与风速和输沙率的关系,推求风速和输沙率的变化趋势。通过分析,得到如下结论：(1)东洞滩百万千瓦光伏示范基地建成运行后,年均发电量1.54×1010kW’h,在光伏组件25a的生命周期内发电量为3.85×1011kW.h。与传统的火力发点相比,示范基地每年的发电量相当于节约5.19×105万t标准煤,减排常规污染物：炭粉灰1.563×105t,SO24.62×104t, NOx2.31×104t;减排重金属：As2.58×109mg、Cr6.18×109mg、Pb6.667×109mg、Hg7.54×107mg、Ni7.22×109mg、 Cd1.03×108mg;此外示范基地每年可以减少1.18×1011kgCO2的排放。因此示范基地的建设不但可以节约大量的煤炭,还能减少相应的环境污染治理费用。因二氧化碳是导致全球气候变暖的主要成分,因此示范基地的建设对于气候变暖也具有积极的作用。(2)东洞滩百万千瓦光伏示范基地正式运行后,由于将太阳能转化为电能,使地表接收的太阳辐射降低,地表温度会随之降低,根据热力学公式计算得出,地表日平均温度降低0.049℃,这对于减缓气候变暖具有积极的作用。此外,示范基地建成后当地的日较差和年较差减少,蒸发率减少,空气相对湿度和降水量一定程度上会有微量增加,缓解了荒漠戈壁区久旱的危机。(3)示范基地建成后,大面积的电池板覆盖在地表,不但起到了沙障的作用,还使地表水分蒸发率降低,植被的恢复率增加。再加上人工绿化措施,示范基地植被覆盖度增加。植被覆盖度增加对于降低风速和输沙率具有一定的作用,从而起到防风固沙的作用,达到治理荒漠化的目的。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the past few years, the phenomenon of power rationing emerged in many places in our country, which indirectly showed that our country has been facing severe energy crisis.Traditional thermal fire generation take coal as its main fuel, but coal is a kind of non-renewable fossil fuel, therefore it not only difficult in exploiting, but also polluting the air. Consequently, the energy utilization structure of our country needs to be changed and should develop clean energy vigorously. Solar power being the most potential clean energy, has been payed more and more attention by people because of its abundant restoration and generality as well as ecnomomic factors.There are vast desertification land in the northwest of China, which has been dicarded because of its fertility declination or desertification, therefore we can make use of its abundant solar power and build PV power plant on the desert gobbi. This solution not only can relieve the energy crisis in our country, but also make foll use of the vast land and finally reach the goal of managing the environment.This article takes the million kilowatt solar power demonstration base of Dong dong Tan, Jiuquan city as an example, through field study and collecting information, predicted the generated energy every year of the demonstration base, as well as the emission reduction, and finally estimate the every year ground temperature variation using thermodynamics formular. According to the fomular of evaporation capacity, we can predict the changing trend of soil moisture evaporation rate and relative humidity after the demonstration base is built. Base on the correlativity of relative humidity and precipitation, caculate the changing trend of precipation after the demonstration base is built. Finally according to the relativity ofvegetation cover and wind speed as well as the transport rate, we can find out the changing trend of wind speed and transport rate.Throughout analysis, we can have following conclusion:After the Dong Dong Tan million kilowatt solar power demonstration base is built and has been in motion, the average generating capacity every year is1.54billion kW-h, in the other hand is38.5billionkW-h in the25years life cycle of PV module. Comparing with the traditional thermal power generation, the demonstration base can reduce1.785billion kg CO2emission. As CO2is the main substance of causing global warming, so the construction of the demonstration base can mitigate global warming effectively. Solar power generation has crucial impact on controlling heavy metal pollution. Comparing with traditional thermal power generating, the demonstration base can reduce2.58×109mgAs,6.18×109mg Cr,6.667×109mg Pb,7.54×107mg Hg,7.22× 109mg Ni,1.03×108mgCd every year. In addition, the demonstration base can save5.19×108kg standard coal,1.563×108kg carbon dust, reduce4.62×104tSO2emmision as well as2.31×104kgNOx, moreover, it can also save large amount of thermal power generating water, and reduce the environment pollution manage expenses, therefore, the construction of Dong Dong Tan million kilowatt solar power demonstration base is of great significance in relieving energy crisis and protecting the environment.Large area of solar panels cover the ground and increase the roughness of the surface ground, which can play the role of sand-protecting barrier, and weaken the wind force near the ground surface. Moreover, as the vegetation cover will increase after the demonstration base is put into use, the vegetation will weaken the wind force and can finally prevent the wind from affecting the ground. With the reduce of the wind speed in the demonstration base, the transport rate also reduce, and the sediment in the wind-drift sand reduce either. The vegetation in the base in some extend played a role in stablization of sand, with the increasing of vegetation cover, the ability of stabling the sand increase, thus decrease the transport rate. When the wind speed and transport rate decreased, the times of sandstorm and the sand in sandstorm will decrease, which in the end attain the goal of managing desert.After Dong Dong Tan million kilowatt solar power demonstration base has put into use, as solar power transform into electricity, the ground surface will receive less solar radiation, and the ground surface temperature will decrease either. The surface temperature decrease4.3℃, the local daily range and annual range, evaporation rate decrease, and air relative humidity, precipation increase. It is of positive affect in mitigating global warming and the crisis of long time drought in the desert gobbi.After the demonstration base is built, large area of solar panels cover the ground surface, which make the evaporation rate of surface moisture decrease, vegetation recovery rate increase. When carrying out labour greening measure, the vegetation cover in the demonstration base will increase. The increase of vegetation cover to some extend can help decreasing wind speed and transport rate, thus effectively prevents wind storms and fastens sands in the land, and reach the goal of controlling desertification.更多还原