【作者】 张苏楠；

【导师】 张志庆；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 比较文学与世界文学， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 作为一项跨学科研究,“法律与文学”在国内外均取得了长足的发展。从早期探索走向学术自觉,从零散、片断性研究走向系统、成规模论说,并进而形成观点的交锋,学理的探讨,这一过程展示了“法律与文学”这一交叉研究的生命力,同时也表明这一研究具备获得进一步推进、深化的可能。莎士比亚是英国文艺复兴时期杰出的剧作家与诗人,是人类文明史上最重要的作家之一。“莎士比亚”甚至就是伟大作家的代名词。莎翁的不朽名著《奥瑟罗》位列“四大悲剧”之一,讲述了一位英雄人物如何受到奸人的唆使而杀害了他忠贞的妻子的故事。本文将从“法律与文学”的视角对《奥瑟罗》进行全新阐释,以期廓清《奥瑟罗》一剧中的法律维度,并以法律的思维对剧中主要人物的行为性质与心理动机做进一步探讨,从而分析这出悲剧里各人物冲突与错位的深层原因,进而还原造成这种断裂的过程,找寻这出悲剧的根源。本文的第一章将分析《奥瑟罗》中法律世界的结构组成。《奥瑟罗》一剧存在两个地理场景——威尼斯与塞浦路斯。这两个地点及其所蕴含的法律象征是《奥瑟罗》法世界的重要构成。从威尼斯到塞浦路斯,是秩序向混乱的过渡,是法律有效运作到渐趋失势的历程。这一过程同奥瑟罗杀妻一案紧密结合在一起,有助于回答一个重要问题,英雄的奥瑟罗究竟有没有堕落。从威尼斯法律的支持者转变为残忍的凶犯,尽管最后的悔悟与自刎让人们看到了这位昔日英雄的残影,但他突破法律底线,犯下杀人重罪,己经无法带给他道德上的豁免。通过法律伦理的角度,将很容易看清这一点。第二章将关注的重点放在全剧最邪恶的人物伊阿古身上。通过引入刑事法律有关犯罪动机、犯罪目的以及犯罪故意的理论,对伊阿古的所作所为逐一进行梳理,对他行为的性质给出判断。作为罪恶的原始发动者,利用刑事法律理论对其犯罪行为进行探究有比较明显的优势。最关键的一条在于刑法一直都将罪视作唯一的研究重心,在查明罪的方面,刑法最追求真相,也最直接、最单纯、最不受其他边缘因素的影响。第三章试图还原奥瑟罗内心确证妻子苔丝狄蒙娜存在通奸行为的过程。在这一过程中,奥瑟罗将自己视作唯一的裁判者,他所依凭的“证据”在法律上难以获得效力,但却让他自己深信不疑。分析这种错位能使我们获得对程序正义价值的认同,并促使我们反思个人的偏见与社会的压力如何影响了我们的决策,造成了我们选择的不自由。第四章将试图回答全文最后一个问题,奥瑟罗为什么最终抛弃了法律信条,走向毁灭之路。法律的确存在局限,不仅表现在它的滞后、僵化以及暴力上,更重要的是它与人世的爱之间存在相互的误解,存在价值联系的不当割裂。奥瑟罗感受到了这种错位,他将脱离这种困厄的希望寄托于苔丝狄蒙娜一人身上,在他的爱人那里他还原为人,而非仅仅是一架战争机器,这恰恰成为了他的软肋而被伊阿古利用。他将法律与爱统一的理想无法在苔丝狄蒙娜那里实现,因此他不但抛弃了法律,还毁灭了他的爱。可是事实上,法律与爱共享着同样的价值追求,奥瑟罗无视这一点,《奥瑟罗》的法世界只能崩溃。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Law and literature" which is known as a kind of inter-disciplinary study has made great development both in China and the world. The research process from early exploration to achieving the academic consciousness shows that the study of "law and literature" has a strong vitality. Today this study has had quite a completed and comprehensive system. With the clash of ideas and the discussion of theory, this study is expanded in greater scope and depth and it is predicted to continue in future.As one of the most important playwriters and poets in human civilizations, William Shakespeare belongs to the time of Renaissance.Shakespeare is synonymous with the term "greatest writer". Othello, one of the Four Great Tragedies, is the immortal masterpiece of Shakespeare. This tragedy tells a story that how a hero who is instigated to murder his innocent and loyal wife by a man full of turpitude degenerates into a criminal.This paper gives a new interpretation to Othello from the perspective of "law and literature". The nature of behave and mental motivation of major characters are further explored by means of law thinking so that the inner causes of characters’ conflicts and misunderstanding can be discussed more effectively. The dislocation in the tragedy is another main content of this paper. Through the view point of law, the process that how characters’relationship breaks up shall reveal itself clearly.The first chapter of this paper analyses the structure of the world of law in Othello. There are two main geography scenes in the play:Venice and Cyprus. The two place and the symbolic meaning of them are the vital components of the law world in Othello. Moving from Venice to Cyprus means the process of transition from order to chaos. The law is running well when it begins but it gets worse step by step.Along with the case that Othello murders his wife, the process contributes to one core question that whether the act of Othello is moral turpitude. A man who support the Venice law firmly at first turns into a cruel criminal at the end of the play. Although we can see the ghost of the former hero with his repentance and suicide, the felony murder he committed breaks the baseline of justice as well as morality. This is legally and morally unforgivable. The legal ethics is helpful to make readers realize this. The second chapter focuses on Iago, the most evil character in the play. This chapter reviews Iago’s act by introducing the criminal law theory of criminal motive, criminal purpose as well as criminal intent and then makes the judgment on the nature of his act.As the initiator of evil, Iago commits many horrible crimes.Meanwhile, the influence of his act is so depraved that innocent people die. The crime is the core of the criminal law which devotes itself to dealing with the constitution of offences. In the face of terrible crimes, the criminal law play a vital role on finding out the truth of the crime. To understand Iago’s personality and why he is so evil we must pay more attention to what he actually have done. The most direct and easiest route to ascertain his criminal act is using the criminal law.The third chapter tries to figure out the procedure that how Othello is entirely convinced of his wife’s guilt.In this procedure, Othello regard himself as the only judge but the "evidence" he relies on can not get legal support. The incompetent evidence, however, is confermed by the crazy husband. To analyse the misplaced belief of Othello makes us close to the procedural justice and impels us to introspect how the human bias and social pressure affects our decisions and causes the non-free of choices.The last chapter answers to the final question that why Othello abandons the faith of law and moves towards the path of destruction in the end. There is no doubt that the law has its limitations. Not only the lag nature,rigescent articles and the violence of power, but the misunderstanding and dissevering about love in the world prove it. Othello experiences this kind of misplacement. His only hope to release from this morass of despair lies on Desdemona’s love. Othello becomes a compeleted and real person more than a war machine only in the presence of Desdemona. But that is just his Achilles’heel which is used by Iago.His ideal uniting law and love in harmony can not be realized through being with Desdemona, so he chooses to abandon the law and destroies his love.更多还原