【作者】 李佳月；

【导师】 王兰；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 水生生物学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 岩溶水是一类具有高矿化度、高硬度、高硫酸盐含量的特殊水质,其中主要含有Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、SO42-等离子,可溶性固体总含量大于1g/L,多呈中性或偏碱性,且带苦涩味。高矿化度、高硬度及高硫酸盐含量的地下岩溶水不经过处理直接排放,就会给生态环境带来一定的危害,同时也影响分布地区的工业生产。小店区位于山西省太原市的南边,属于干旱或半干旱地区,水资源严重缺乏。其地下水质属于岩溶水,其中矿化度、总硬度、S042-三项指标均高于饮用水标准,不可以直接用于生产和生活。近些年来,由于工业与城市化的迅速发展,所排出的污水和废水较多,地表以及地下水资源污染严重。因此,小店区严重缺水的形势己严重影响到人畜饮用和经济发展。必须处理岩溶水以达到用水要求,不但可以提供丰富的生产和生活用水,而且避免地下水资源的浪费。常规的降低岩溶水含盐量的水处理方法主要是利用物理化学方法。①投加化学药剂法；②离子交换法；③电渗析法；④反渗透法等。但这些方法投资运行成本较高。采用生物方法来降解处理岩溶水的矿化度、硬度和SO42-,具有高效率、低成本、见效快,无二次污染的特点,同时也可以解决传统高矿化度、高硬度及高硫酸盐含量的岩溶水处理中遇到的问题,同时符合当前对环境保护的要求。传统的硫酸盐还原菌处理水中高浓度硫酸盐,硫被还原成为H2S,对反应系统中菌群有一定的抑制作用,且H2S有恶臭且有毒,严重污染大气,若不能妥善处理,将造成二次污染。而光合细菌可以利用多种有机物作为碳源,利用光能进行高产的能量代谢,是处理有机废水常用的微生物之一,应用前景非常广阔。光合细菌适宜的生长温度范围较广,10℃-40℃内均可,且易培养。本身无毒无害,无需稀释,可处理高浓度有机废水,适用于缺水地区,不会在处理水域对人、畜造成毒副作用。光合细菌法以其见效快,前期投资少,可操作性强,无二次污染的特点成为21世纪水处理领域中最耀眼、最具前景的微生物处理法之一,将综合应用于农业、水产、畜牧及新能源的开发和食品工业等领域。本项目主要对太原市小店区地下岩溶水的矿化度、总硬度、硫酸盐进行生物降解处理,从而达到饮用水的标准(250-900mg/L),即：矿化度降低到1000mg/L以下,总硬度降低到450mg/L以下,硫酸盐降低到250-900mg/L以下。本论文通过选用光合细菌(沼泽红假单胞菌,Rhodopseudanonas palustris;球形红假单胞菌,Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides以及沼泽红假单胞菌和球形红假单胞菌的混合菌),分别采用单独使用光合细菌处理、加入光合细菌生长所需营养成分处理、用聚合氯化铝絮凝光合细菌处理三种处理方法,对小店区地下岩溶水中的硫酸盐进行厌氧和好氧处理,旨在降低硫酸盐含量,达到饮用水标准。主要内容分为三部分：第一,沼泽红假单胞菌的培养及处理岩溶水；第二,球形红假单胞菌的培养及处理岩溶水；第三,沼泽红假单胞菌和球形红假单胞菌混合菌的培养及处理岩溶水。结果显示：用沼泽红假单胞菌处理岩溶水可以降解岩溶水的硫酸盐,且用聚合氯化铝絮凝沼泽红假单胞菌后在厌氧光照条件下处理效果更好,可以使硫酸盐含量由原来的1999.6mg/L降为720.24mg/L。单独使用沼泽红假单胞菌处理时,当菌液体积比岩溶水体积为1：3,处理4d时,岩溶水中硫酸盐含量降到最低,且菌密度呈下降趋势；加入沼泽红假单胞菌生长所需的营养成分后,其菌密度随处理时间的延长而增大,水中硫酸盐含量降低；用浓度为0.010mol/L的聚合氯化铝絮凝沼泽红假单胞菌,60min菌体絮凝效果最佳,同时用其处理岩溶水中的硫酸盐效果更好。用球形红假单胞菌处理岩溶水,球形红假单胞菌经培养96h后可以进入对数生长期,培养6天后可用；球形红假单胞菌厌氧和好氧处理岩溶水,测得岩溶水中硫酸盐含量变化不明显；与对照组相比,岩溶水中球形红假单胞菌的菌密度会随着处理时间的增加而增大。用沼泽红假单胞菌和球形红假单胞菌的混合菌处理岩溶水,混合菌厌氧光照条件下可以降解岩溶水的硫酸盐,但未达到饮用水标准,可以使硫酸盐含量由原来的2021.64mg/L降为1211.75mg/L；处理组A组(添加营养成分和絮凝剂絮凝的混合菌)硫酸盐含量值在4d时降到最低值,效果最好。综上所述,选用沼泽红假单胞菌处理岩溶水,效果较好,处理后硫酸盐含量可达到饮用水标准。更多还原

【Abstract】 Underground karst water is a kind of special water, characterized by having of high salinity, high hardness and high sulphate content. It mainly contains large amounts ions such as Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、and SO42-. The total content of soluble solids can reach1g/L. And most of them are neutral or meta-acid, with a bitter taste. Nevertheless the karst water would bring some harm to the ecological environment if it is not treated, and the industrial production of districts where this water in distribution will be affected simultaneously.XiaoDian District is located in the south Taiyuan, Shanxi Province. It is arid or semi-arid areas where water shortage is severe. The underground water is the karst water and could not be used directly in living and production because the degree of mineralization, the total hardness and sulphate content are all higher than the standards of drinking water. In recent year, with the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, there are a lot of sewage and waste water discharge. The surface and groundwater resources are polluted seriously. So severe water shortages of XiaoDian District have seriously affected people and livestock drinking and economic development. In this paper, the authors devised some treatment to in order to reduce the sulphate content in the Karst water in Xiao dian, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, and to meet the drinking water standards. Thus we can get abundant water for production and life, avoid the waste of groundwater resources, and improve XiaoDian district ecological environment.The conventional water treatment methods mainly use physical and chemical methods. Currently, the methods of reducing the salt content in karst water include chemical dosing, ion exchange, electrodialysis and reverse osmosis. But no matter what method of desalination, the cost of investment operation is larger, which is also the biggest problem in the treatment of karst water with high salinity, high hardness and high sulphate. However, the biological method is highly efficienct, low cost, fast effects and has no secondary pollution, which can degradate the salinity, hardness and SO42-of karst water, and also accord with the requirements of environment protection.The project is mainly about degrading the salinity, hardness and sulphate of underground karst water in xiaodian district, Taiyuan city, in order to make the content of salinity, hardness and sulphate reach the standard of drinking water. That is to say, salinity degradation below1000mg/L, total hardness degradation below450mg/L, sulfate degradation below250～900mg/L. However, this thesis is mainly to degradae sulfate in the karst water, make its content lower and up to the standard of drinking water.The traditional sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) will reduct the sulfur into H2S in the processing of treatment with high concentrations sulfate. H2S will produce certain inhibitory action on the microbes in the reaction system. And the H2S is malodorous and toxic. Without proper treatment, it will pollute the air and cause the second pollution. Yet the Photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) can take many kind of organic matters as the carbon sources and act high yield of energy metabolism with the help of light energy. PSB is one of the common microbes used to treat the organic wastewater, and the application of PSB will be very wide. The suitable environment temperature range for PSB is wide (10-40℃). PSB is avirulent and harmless, and can deal with high concentration organic wastewater without dilution. This method is suited for the water-deficient area and elicits no toxic action. PSB method will become one of the most promising microbe treatment method for its dazzling characteristics such as fast effects, less investment, strong maneuverability and no secondary pollution. It can also be used for agriculture, aquatic products industry, animal husbandry, food industry and development of new energy fields etc.In this degree paper, we chose PSB (Rhodopseudanonas palustris, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, and the mixture of R. palustris and R. sphaeroides) to treat the karst water with three kinds of methods in order to reduce the sulphate content in Xiao dian, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province and to meet drinking water standards. One way uses only R. palustris. The second way is adding growth nutrients that R. palustris required. And the last way is polymerization aluminium chlorination (PAC) flocculation R. palustris. This paper mainly include three parts:the cultivating of R. palustris and treatment of karst water, the cultivating of R. sphaeroides and treatment of karst water, the cultivating of the mixture of R. palustris and R. sphaeroides and treatment of karst water.The results showed that treating karst water with R. palustris can cause sulfate to be degraded. Moreover, after flocculated R. palustris by PAC and kept under anaerobic light conditions, the sulfate concentration dropped from1999.6mg/L to720.24mg/L. While processing karst water via R. palustris only, and when the volume ratio of bacterial solution and karst water was1:3, after4days of treatment, the sulfate concentration was lowest and the density of bacterial community tends to decrease. After adding necessary nutrients for bacterial growth, the density of community increase with treatment time, sulfate concentration in water was decreased; while using flocculated R. palustris by PAC, which concentration is0.010mol/L, after60minutes, the bacterial gained best effect of flocculation, and it has the best effect to degrade sulfate solution.Treating karst water with spherical R. sphaeroides and after cultivattion for96h,the bacterial entered logarithmic phase, after6days of culture, the bacterial was available. Under anaerobic and aerobic condition, using spherical R. sphaeroides to treat the karst water, there is little difference of sulfate concentration between the two conditions. Compared with the control group, the density of R. sphaeroides in the karst water increased with increasing processing time.Treating the karst water with a mixture of R. palustris and R. sphaeroides can decrease the sulfate contect in anaerobic light condition. This can reduce the sulphate content from2021.64mg/L to1211.75mg/L But it cannot meet the drinking water standard. The sulfate content in the krast water was reduced to a minimum value at4days when added the nutrients and flocculation of mixed bacterium needed.In conclusion, using R. palustris to treat the karst water, the effect is better. And the contect of sulfate can meet the standards for drinking water after treatment.更多还原