【作者】 郭建鹏；

【导师】 毕元辉；

【作者基本信息】 长春师范学院 ， 专门史， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 1910年10月满洲里发现第一例鼠疫病人，此疫源自俄国边境小镇达乌里亚，疫灾很快沿铁路线迅速蔓延到整个东北地区并波及到直隶、京畿、山东等地，短短的几个月间，致近六万中国人罹难。此次来自俄国境内却在中国东北地区泛滥的肺鼠疫与日俄、清政府的防疫措施有着密切的关系。疫起之初，由于政府并未重视，加之受当时医疗水平限制，鼠疫开始蔓延。当时盘踞中国东北北部尤其是在满洲里、哈尔滨的俄国势力，采取了在其占领地驱逐染疫“华工”南下的“强制性防疫”政策，致使鼠疫沿中东铁路南下至长春、奉天等地。占据长春、奉天等东北南部地区的日本效法俄国，同样采取进入其领地的驱逐染疫人员的做法，被驱逐“华工”再次沿铁路逃亡至关内京畿等地，至此鼠疫大面积爆发。本文认为，日俄的“强制防疫”是鼠疫大面积在东北地区蔓延的主要原因。清政府防疫的滞后，给日俄等列强染指中国内政、进一步侵犯东北提供了借口。日俄借防疫之机，增兵东北，侵占铁路沿线领地，强行检验华人，烧毁其居所，又掀起“排华运动”。在万国鼠疫大会期间，日俄不遗余力的进行干扰，为主宰大会向清政府施加政治压力，希图在国际上造成东北地区属于日俄的假事实。虽然日俄在防疫过程中建立防疫机构，采取了一些防疫措施，虽取得一定的积极效果，但并不能遮蔽其防疫背后对中国主权侵略的事实真相。为消灭鼠疫及其带来的自然与政治灾难，清政府倾其全力的投入到这场无硝烟的战争中。在防疫上，清政府采取了隔离人群、隔断交通、设立防疫所、组织防疫队伍、聘请中外良医、筹措防疫资金等措施控制疫势的发展。为抑制日俄借防疫染指中国主权的野心，清政府组建了由伍连德为首的防疫队伍，筹备召开了万国防疫大会。万国防疫大会胜利闭幕，可以说是清政府抵制日俄侵略的一次胜利。鼠疫在各国的协助下最终扑灭，但巨额的防疫经费给本就处于风雨飘摇之态的清政府以沉重打击，为支付防疫经费，清政府只得向四国借款，对日俄的借款，使两国再一次卷入中国事务，加深了对中国的干预。庚辛鼠疫给中国带来了一场空前的自然灾难，造成了巨大的生命财产损失。清政府的采取的防疫措施及各国联合防疫的行动是历史和社会的进步。但从晚清东北政治格局的演变过程来看，防疫与防疫背后的日俄两国对东北的权益之争无疑加速了列强掠夺东北的进程，加深了整个中国的主权危机，使之成为政治上的灾难。更多还原

【Abstract】 The first case of plague patient was discovered in Manchuria in October1910. Theplague was from the Russian border town named Man-Zhou-li, andthe epidemic disasterspread quickly to the entire northeast region along the railway line，then to the Beijing,Tianjin, Shandong and other places. In few months, the plague caused nearly60,000people died. The spread has a close relationship with the Russian, Japanese, and theQing government‘s preventive measures.At the beginning of the epidemic, Because the government did not attach importance toit, exacerbated by the limit of medical standards at that time limit, the plague began tospread. The Russian force which occupied the northern part of northeast chinaespecially Manchuria, Harbin, adopted the policy of taking the mandatory diseaseprevention in the occupied land, and expelled the infected Chinese laborers down thesouth, resulting in the spread of the plague along the Chinese Eastern Railway toChangchun, Shenyang and other places. Japan which was Occupying Changchun,Shenyang, and the southern parts of northeast of china, follow the example of Russia,expelled the infected persons from their territories. The laborers were expelled again toflee along the railway to Tianjin and other places, which bringing about the outbreak ofplague in large scale, This paper argues that the Russo-Japanese compulsory diseaseprevention is the main reason for the spread of plague in a large area in the Northeast.The lag of the Qing government’s epidemic prevention gave the Russia and Japanand other foreign powers the excuse to meddle in China’s internal affairs. The Russiaand Japan used the epidemic prevention as an excuse, sent more troops to the northeast, encroached along the railway territory, and burned their homes, and set off theanti-Chinese movement. During the meeting of General conference against the plague,Japan and Russia spared no effort to interfere in order to dominate the meeting so as toexert political pressure on the Qing government, hoping to make the false facts that thenortheast belongs to Russia and Japan. Although Russia and Japan established theprevention institutions in the disease prevention process and took some preventionmeasures, but which can not hide the truth of its aggression on China’s sovereignty.In the face of the natural and political disaster it brings, the Qing government madeevery effort to fight against the plague. The Qing government took the methods ofisolating the populations, cutting off traffic, establishing disease prevention office,organizing epidemic prevention team and hiring Chinese and foreign doctors, raisingepidemic prevention fund to control the epidemic potential. For the inhibition of theRussian, Japanese ambitions to encroach on the sovereignty of China by the excuse ofepidemic prevention, the Qing government set up the immunization team leaded by WuLiande and held a Conference of the prevention of general assembly nations. Thisconference ended successfully. To some degree, it is a victory of Qing government toboycott the Russia-Japan aggression. Plague was ultimately extinguished with theassistance of the different countries, but the huge immunization funding gave a heavyblow to the Qing government which was already in a precarious state. To pay fordisease prevention funding, the Qing government had to borrow money from othercountries. On the borrowing of Russia and Japanese, the two countries once againinvolved in Chinese affairs, deepening of China’s intervention.Keng-hsin plague brought an unprecedented natural disaster to china and causedenormous loss of lives and property. The measures that Qing government has taken andinternational joint epidemic prevention action is a historical and social progress.6. Butfrom the point of view that the evolution of the Northeast political landscape in late Qing Dynasty, the dispute epidemic prevention and quarantine behind Japan and Russiaon the rights and interests in the Northeast is no doubt accelerated the process of powersplundered the northeast, deepened the crisis of the whole of China’s sovereignty, makingthe political disaster.更多还原