中国女性发展的哲学反思

【作者】 黄艳萍；

【导师】 铁省林；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 本文以马克思主义的妇女观为理论指导，结合中国的特殊国情，探究女性发展中的突出问题，为女性进一步发展做应有的努力。社会进入一个崭新的时代，着力研究女性的发展问题成为摆在人类社会面前的一项重大的课题。自改革开放以来，市场经济使原有的社会生活发生重大的变化，使女性问题更加突出，并发生了新的变化，具体表现为：女性在受教育方面能否享受到平等的权利问题、女性在择业、就业范围内能否平等合理的获得工作的机会问题、女性在参与政治生活中所面临的“被边缘化”问题。女性的发展产生上述问题的原因是来自多方面的，不是仅仅从一个方面和层次就可以阐释清楚的，具体表现为：第一，女性被压迫是生产力发展的阶段性产物，人不但具有自然的属性，而且还具有社会的属性，人不能脱离社会这个大环境而存在。女性被压迫现象的产生并不是从古代社会就存在着的，而是与生产力的发展相关。早期的生产力发展需要劳动者付出较多的体力，而女性在体力上的先天弱势，导致女性无法在生产中发挥主角的作用；生产力继续向前高速发展，打破了以体力占优的模式，这对女性来说是有利的，因为这使得女性的地位得到了大范围的提升。这也就是说，生产力发展的程度决定了女性地位的高低。第二，女性的发展受制于性别分工。这种分工主要规定了男性和女性的生产、生活范围，男性可以在广阔的天地间任意发挥自己的作用，而女性则被局限于家庭这块四方的小环境中自怨自艾。这就剥夺了女性接触社会的机会，使得她们成为一个只有机体的“木头人”。第三，父权文化给女性带来的毒害。二千年来女子深受儒教的制约，不仅“蔽聪塞明”，而且还要尊男人为天，维护男性家长在社会和家庭中的主宰地位，使得女性根本没有发展可言。在中国改革开放的推动下，在“百花齐放，百家争鸣”的民主气氛下，我国开始对女性的发展历程进行研究和反思，体现在两方面：第一，中国女性发展所存在的理论误区。闻名于全球的女作家西蒙娜·德·波伏娃提出了一个著名的观点就是，女性是“第二性”的，是“他者”。因为女性对自我的定义不是从本身所具有的特征出发，而是以男性的各项标准来衡量自己，使得女性长期处于客体的地位。另外，由于社会性别分工依然残存在人们的观念中，并起着主导作用，这种习惯性的定型思想将会阻碍女性向前快速发展。第二，女性自身的因素。在研究与反思的过程中，认识到女性对社会发展的贡献是巨大的，但是从女性的身心特征来看，女性始终要受到“物种”的控制，主要体现在女性的生育这个特殊的方面；从女性所具有的素质来看，女性相较于男性缺失对整个社会的控制能力等，这些都为女性的从属地位提供了可能性的条件。通过对女性发展问题的根源分析，结合我国的具体国情，提出使女性走出发展困境的途径。第一，完善制度实施保障，优越的社会制度是女性生存的根本保障。构建具有保障性、系统性的妇女权益，制定具有特殊性质的保护政策。第二，把握“男女平等”的基本国策。在教育方面使女性拥有平等而公平的教育；创新发展男女平等的就业新模式；实现妇女参与政治活动的平等性。第三，更新观念，增强女性的主体性。以自身知识的提高带动自我认识感；强化女性的主体意识；构建男女平等话语。最后，我们应该认识到我国的社会性质是社会主义，并且是初级阶段的社会主义，其最显著的特征就是生产力的发展还处在低级阶段，加之社会意识有其相对独立性等社会现实，要满足女性发展所需要的条件还需要经过长期的奋斗，这项任务是任重而道远的，需要我们不断的站在广大女性的角度上进行探索和研究，需要付出我们百倍的努力。更多还原

【Abstract】 This article in the theory of Marxist view of women, in light of China’s specialconditions, explore the problems of women in development, for women there should befurther development efforts.Entering the21st century, studied women’s development issues to be set before humansociety on a major topic. Since reform and opening up, market economy makes original ofsocial life occurs major of changes, makes women problem more highlight, and occurs hasnew of changes, specific performance for: women in by education area can enjoy to equal ofright problem, and women in careers, and employment range within can equal reasonable ofget work of opportunities problem, and women in participation political life in the by faced of"is edge of" problem.Women’s development because of the above problems from multiple sources, not justfrom one area and level can be explained clearly, in the form of: first, female oppression is aproduct stages of development of the productive forces, who not only has natural properties,but also has community property, people cannot be divorced from the social and theenvironmental. Women’s oppression is not there from the ancient community, but with thedevelopment of the productive forces. Require workers to pay more of the productivitydevelopment of early physical and congenital weakness of women’s physical, cause thefemale to play a leading role in the production; continued high-speed development of theproductive forces, breaking with manual priority modes, which is beneficial to women,because it makes promotion of the status of women was widespread. In other words, level ofdevelopment of the productive forces determines the level of advancement of women. Second,the development of women subjected to the gender division of labour. This Division primarilyprovides for a range of production and daily life of men and women, men can play in any ofthe vast world of your own, this Quartet of women being confined to the family in a smallenvironment with pity. Which denied women access to social opportunities, makes thembecome one only body of "wood". Third, the patriarchal culture brought to women bypoisoning. Restriction of women deeply Confucian in2000years, not only to "blot out thecongsaiming", but also respect for the men for days, maintain male dominance of parents onsocial and family, women have no development to speak of.Under the drive of reform and opening up in China, the "hundred flowers, contention of"democratic atmosphere, China began to research and reflection on the development of women,embodied in two aspects: first, the Chinese women’s development of the theory of errors. Is famous in the world of the France women writers ximengna·de·Bo v made a famous baby ideais that women are "second nature", is "the other". Because the definition is not from their ownwomen on self-characteristics of the proceeding, but rather to male standards are measured,making women’s term in the object position. In addition, because of the gender division oflabour still remains in people’s thinking, and plays a leading role, this habit of stereotypedthinking will hamper rapid development of women. Second, women its factors. In researchand reflection of process in the, awareness to women on social development of contribution ishuge of, but from women of physical and mental features view, women always to was"species" of control, main reflected in women of birth this special of area; from women by hasof quality view, women phase more Yu male missing on entire social of control ability,, theseare for women of secondary status provides has possibilities of conditions.Through the analysis of the root causes of women’s development issues, combined withthe specific national conditions of our country, raised female out of the way of development.First, improve the system of safeguards, superior social system is the fundamental guaranteeof the existence of women. Building out social, systemic and interests of women, developedwith special nature protection policy. Second, grasping the "equality between men andwomen" policy. In education so that women have equal education; new modes of innovationdevelopment of equality between men and women in employment; on equal significance tothe realization of women’s political participation. Third, update their concepts, enhancefemale subjectivity. Sense of self-knowledge-driven self-awareness-raising; strengthening theconsciousness of female subject; construction of discourse of equality between men andwomen.Last, we should awareness to in China of Socialist also is is primary stage of Socialist, itsmost significantly of features is productivity of development also in low-level stage, coupledwith social consciousness has its relative independence, social reality, to meet womendevelopment by needs of conditions also needs after long-term of struggle, this items task isany heavy and road far of, needs we constantly of station in general women of angle Shangfor exploration and research, needs pay we times of efforts.更多还原