儒家思想影响下的唐代赦免制度

【作者】 李晓燕；

【导师】 袁兆春；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 赦免制度的产生有着极其深远的历史根源，商周时期赦免初步形成，经过历代的发展，赦免制度到了唐朝逐渐成熟，形成一项完备的政治法律制度，唐朝的历代皇帝吸取前朝国家灭亡的教训，重视赦免的作用，并且善于利用赦免制度来维护唐的统治，赦免是古代统治者向百姓施恩布德，展示仁德的主要方式之一。赦免在维护社会的稳定方面所产生的作用也是不容小觑的，在国家遭受外侵和内乱的战争时，赦免的颁布有助于战争的平息和矛盾的缓解；在发生自然灾害时，赦免的颁布有助于劳动力的增加和劳动人民负担的减轻，促进了农业的发展和社会经济的发展；赦免的颁布还有助于对人才的笼络和巩固国家的统治。当然赦免也不是完全不受限制的，当罪囚触犯的法律危害到统治者的统治和有颠覆社会伦理宗法的危险时，赦免制度就将其排除在外了，例如唐律中所规定的“十恶五逆不赦”和“常赦所不原”，当然这也是与赦免维护等级制度和伦理宗法的目的相一致的。经过历代的发展和补充，到了唐朝赦免制度出现了根本性的变化，其涵盖的范围也从单纯的法律领域延伸到社会政治、经济文化领域，不仅包含了对犯罪后刑罚处罚的减轻和赦免，也增加了对百姓赋税和债务的免除以及对官员和军队的奖赏。唐朝在我国古代的发展历史上占据着很重要的地位，是的古代等级社会发展的巅峰，在这个时期唐朝的法律和文化制度都对后世和其他国家产生了一些深远的影响，《唐律》的颁布更是中华法系走向成熟的标志，唐朝的赦免制度更是在法制相对完善的唐朝得到空前的发展，但是不管唐代的赦免制度如何发展和完善，他都只是统治阶级维护统治的工具。本文的文章结构分为四部分，第一部分是对赦免制度的概述，包括对赦免的含义的概括、对赦免条件的例举和对赦免发展演变的概述，是对赦免制度的初步介绍。第二部分是本文的重点，通过把唐朝的赦免制度与儒家传统的思想相结合来介绍唐代赦免制度的特点，这个部分主要是从儒家的经典学说阴阳论、恤刑说、儒家礼教思想和赦过举贤思想入手探析唐代赦免制度出现这些特点的原因，这部分内容也是整篇文章的重心和创新之处。第三部分是唐代赦免制度所产生的影响，不仅包括对唐后宋元明清等朝代的影响，也包括对同时代东亚其他国家的影响，本段所写的唐代赦免制度对其他朝代和国家的影响是通过《唐律》对其他朝代和国家律令的影响实现的。第四部分也就是本文最后一部分是对唐代赦免制度的评价，唐代的赦免制度同历代的赦免制度相同，既有缓和矛盾、促进社会发展的积极作用，又有阻碍法制发展、不利犯罪肃清的消极作用。唐代的赦免制度对我国现行刑法典的制定和修改也有很大的影响作用，刑法修正案（八）里对恤刑慎罚的体现和对特殊群体年过七十五周岁的老人和未成年人不适用死刑的规定，就符合唐律慎罚恤刑的立法原则和《唐律》针对特殊人群制定的赦免规定。更多还原

【Abstract】 The emergence of pardon system has a profound historical root. It has a preliminary form inshang and zhou dynasties, and becomes mature gradually and forms a complete legal system intang Dynasty on the basis of its development over various dynasties. The emperors of TangDynasty learn lessons from the previous dynasties; they value the functions of pardon and makegood use of it to preserve their dominance. Pardon is one of the main ways used to givebenefactions to people by the ancient rulers. The function of pardon in maintaining the stabilityof society can not be ignored. When the country suffers from foreign invasion and civil strife,the proclaim of pardon is helpful to quell the war and ease the contradiction; when naturaldisasters happen, the proclaim of pardon is conducive to increase the number of labor force andreduce the burden of working people and then can promote the development of agriculture andsocial economy; and the proclaim of pardon contributes to win intellectuals and consolidate therule of the country. Pardon, of course, is not complete unlimited; the pardon system will makean exclusion when criminals break the law which is harmful to the rulers’ dominance and thesocial ethics, for example, tang dynasty law formulates that “Five Offences and Ten Evils arenot absolved” and “habitual criminals are not forgiven”, which coincide with the purpose ofpardon system of preserving hierarchy and social ethics. With the development and supplementof various dynasties, the pardon system appears fundamental changes in Tang dynasty; its scopeextends from pure law area to social politics area and economic civilization area, not onlyincluding the mitigating and remittal of the punishments to criminals, but also increasing thedischarge of the debts to working people and the rewards to officials and armies. Tang Dynastyoccupies an important position in the development of ancient China history, which is the peakof the ancient level society, and the legal and cultural systems of Tang Dynasty produce aprofound effect for the future generations and other countries, the promulgation of “Don law” isa sign of maturity of the Chinese legal system, and pardon system has an unprecedenteddevelopment in Tang Dynasty which has a relatively complete legal system, but no matter howpardon system of Tang Dynasty develops and improves, it is just a tool for the ruling class tomaintain their dominance.The structure of the thesis is divided into four parts; the first part is an overview of thepardon system, including the meaning of pardon, the examples of the pardon conditions and thedepiction of the pardon evolution, and this part is the initial introduction of pardon system. Thesecond part is the most important part of the thesis, it introduces the characteristics of thepardon system through combining the pardon system of Tang dynasty and the Confucianism,this part explores the reasons why the pardon system of Tang dynasty appears thosecharacteristics mainly form the Confucian classic doctrines including yin and yang theory, punishment understanding theory, Confucian ethic thinking and amnesty and recommendationthinking, and the content of this part is the focus and innovation of the thesis. The third part isthe influence of the pardon system of Tang Dynasty, not only including the influences on othercontemporary East Asian countries. Which are presented through the influences of “Don Law”on other dynasties and countries. The fourth part which is the last part of the thesis is theevaluation of the pardon system of Tang Dynasty, and it is same with the pardon system ofvarious dynasties, not only has the active functions of easing contradiction and promoting socialdevelopment, but also has the negative effects of hindering the development of the rule of lawand impeding eliminating crimes.Pardon system of Tang Dynasty has a great influence on the formulation and modificationof our country’s current Penal Code, the embodiment of punishment understanding anddiscretion, and the provisions that special groups including old men over seventy-five years oldand minors do not apply the death penalty in the Criminal Law Amendment(eight) are in linewith legislative principles of punishment understanding and discretion and pardon provisiondeveloped for special populations in “Don Law”.更多还原