【作者】 于丽娟；

【导师】 韩明；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 “V得/不C”形式是对外汉语教学中的重点和难点之一,外国汉语学习者在运用此形式时容易出现如“睡不觉、见不面、决不定、掌不握、烧不伤”之类的过度泛化扩展规则的偏误。以往研究或注重本体方面,或就偏误来分析其原因、类型,较少将本体研究与对外汉语偏误研究结合起来。本文在前人研究基础上,从外国汉语学习者习得“V得/不C”形式偏误的情况着手,以国家汉语水平考试委员会办公室考试中心制定的《汉语水平词汇与汉字等级大纲》(修订本)甲级词汇中的动词、形容词以及未标注词性的动词性短语、习用语为材料,理论与应用相结合对“V得/不C”形式中的述语V、补语C和“V得/不C”形式由动结式、动趋式扩展而来的语义条件进行了初步的分析研究。经过分析研究发现,首先,动词充当“V得/不C”形式中述语V的能力远远强于形容词和短语、习用语,且以单音节形式为主。一般来说,动作性、自主性越强的动词,充当“V得/不C”形式中述语V的能力就越强,也即具有明显的动作性和自主性。不具备动作性或自主性语义特征的动词是很难进入“V得/不C”形式中的。能充当“V得/不C”形式中述语V的形容词数量不多,其具有的状态或性质语义特征较突出。短语、习用语不能充当“V得/不C”形式中的述语V。其次,“V得/不C”形式中补语C一般由动词、形容词充当,复杂结构充当补语C仅限于“出来、上来”等动词性趋向短语。甲级谓词中还有很大一部分词汇不能充当“V得/不C”形式中的补语C。动词、形容词和短语、习用语中,能充当补语C的一般是具有结果或趋向语义特征的词。最后,如果一个述补结构的述语包含的动作性、自主性越强,补语表示的目标意义越明显越具体,那么它插入“得/不”扩展成“V得/不C”形式的能力就越强。但同时也需考虑逻辑上的可能性和现实中的合理性,即需要合乎逻辑并满足人们的语言习惯和认知习惯,否则就算理论上成立,现实中用的人也少或者根本没有人会如此说。针对外国汉语学习者在习得和使用“V得/不C”形式过程中存在的过度泛化问题,结合所得研究成果,本文对“V得/不C”形式研究的应用方面提出以下建议：(1)教材可以在遵循语法等级大纲基本要求基础上,将本文研究得到的动结式、动趋式插入“得/不”扩展成“V得/不C”形式的规律逐步应用于该语法项目的细化说明当中。多用“V得/不C”形式研究中考察到的不同的词、短语或结构复现“V得/不C”形式。此外还可以考虑将研究所得体现在教材的练习当中。(2)可以考虑将研究所得到的“V得/不C”形式扩展条件应用于课堂说明当中。教师在讲授“V得/不C”形式时,除了讲授教材中所列出的一般规律外,在强化练习和实践过程中可充分运用对比法,在能插入“得/不”与不能插入“得/不”扩展的动结式、动趋式的对比中引导学习者明白不是所有动结式、动趋式述补结构都能插入“得/不”扩展成“V得/不C”形式。(3)将《汉语水平词汇与汉字等级大纲》(修订本)考察得到的材料和“V得/不C”形式的这些研究统计成果(例如附录1-3)应用于词典关于“VC”形式述补结构功能扩展当中。在编撰时作必要的功能扩展说明,例如举一些常用的搭配来说明词语的动结式、动趋式构成情况,然后在此基础上对能否扩展成可能补语“V得/不C”形式做一个简单的描写。更多还原

【Abstract】 The form of "V de/bu C" is one of the priorities and difficulties in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language. The foreign learners are prone to over-generalization of the extended rules errors in the use of this form,such as "shui bu jiao""jian bu mian"" jue bu ding""shao bu shang". Previous studies paid more attention to the ontology aspects, or just study the causes and types of the errors. They did not combine the ontology study with the errors of Chinese teaching for foreigners. Based on "The Chinese vocabulary and Chinese characters syllabus"(revised edition) and the errors of the foreign learners in learning the "V de/bu C" form, this text discusses the characteristic of "V" and "C" in the "V de/bu C" structure, and analyses the semantic conditions of "V de/bu C".After the analysis and study,we found that, first of all, the ability of the verbs acting as the predicate V in the form of "V de/bu C" is far stronger than adjectives, phrases and idioms. Verbs mainly act with the form of single syllable. Generally speaking, the more acting and autonomous the verbs are, the stronger the ability of the verbs acting as the predicate "V" in the form of V de/bu C" will be. In other words, verbs that show less acting and autonomous are difficult to act as "V" in the form of "V de/bu C". The amount of adjectives that can act as "V" in the form of "V de/bu C" is not large. Their characteristic of state and property are more prominent.Phrases and idioms are completely unable to serve as the predicate V in the form of "V de/bu C"Secondly, the complement C in the form of "V de/bu C" is often served by the verb and adjective. The complex structures acting as the complement C are limitd to the the verb-tend phrase,such as "chu lai""shang lai". There are a large part of vocabularies in class A which could not act as the complement C in the form of "V de/bu C". Generally speaking, words in Verbs, adjectives,phrases and idioms which could act as the complement C in the form of "V de/bu C", often have the characteristic of result and trend.Finally, if the predicate of Verb-complement construction is more acting and autonomous, the more obviously and specifically the meaning of the complement of Verb-complement construction is showed, the stronger the ability of "de/bu " expanding into "V de/bu C" will be. At the same time,we should consider the possibility of logic and the rationality of reality. In other words, it should be logical and satisfy people’s language and cognitive habits. Otherwise, even if it is right in the theory, it will be little or even not used in the life.Combined with the research results,for the excessive use of "V de/bu C" in the learning of the foreigners, suggestions will be given as following:(1)Based on basic requirements of the grammar level outline in the textbooks,the rules of "de/bu " expanding into the form of "V de/bu C" should be detailed. The rules should be used with more different words, phrases and structures to come back the form of "V de/bu C" Moreover, part of the grammar rules should be reflected in the practice of the textbooks.(2) More attention should be paid to the expanded conditional form of "V de/bu C" in the class. In addition to the grammar rules of "V de/bu C" listed in the textbook, teachers should let the foreign learners understand that not all the form of "de/bu "of Verb-result Form and Verb-trending Form could expand into the form of "V de/bu C". Besides,teachers should use comparative ways to teach it in the course.(3)The material that investigated from "The Chinese vocabulary and Chinese characters syllabus"(revised edition) and the study of "V de/bu C" could also be used to the compilation of the dictionary. Some necessary expansions for the functions should be included. For example, it can illustrate the using of verb-result and verb-trending by some commonly used collocations, and then would give a simple description of the possibility of the expanding to "V de/bu C"更多还原