【作者】 吴东升；

【导师】 吴为山；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 美术学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 作为世界文化遗产的明孝陵,其神道两侧放置的石象生是中国古代石刻艺术的杰作,它在继承前代规制的基础上,又有新的创造。它为后代陵墓石刻的建造提供了一个典范。明孝陵的石象生不仅具有历史价值,在当代学术研究者看来,更具艺术价值。本文将其作为艺术品来探讨它的艺术风格特色。定位一件艺术品的风格是将它与不同时代的作品予以比较之后而得出。我们将明孝陵石像生放入中国古代石象生的历史中作比较,从每个象生的姿势动态、造型手法、表现形式等方面研究其与其它时代象生的不同点,以得出其独特的艺术风格。线描、平面不仅是一种造型手法,更是一种艺术风格。在西方风格学家沃尔夫林看来,线描是外轮廓较安定的风格,平面是表面无过多起伏的艺术风格。俗情是一种将世俗化情感注入作品的艺术风格。我们将明孝陵象生的每个类别逐一研究,分别定位。1.石狮：明孝陵石狮与汉、六朝、唐、宋的石狮比较后,发现其在动态上比前代更加安定,更具纹饰化,而且有了世俗化的变化,因此我们将孝陵石狮的风格定位为线描、装饰、俗情；2.獬豸：孝陵与唐陵比较最突出的特点即是它的平面性,即表面无过多的形体起伏,写意是为二者共同的风格,也是古代雕塑最突出的艺术风格；3.骆驼：骆驼在现存帝陵石刻中属首例,与后代比较具有更加自然、优雅的姿态以及似高山的造型,根据这些特点具将其定位为雅逸、崇高的风格；4.石象：孝陵的石象以意象的手法造型,身体表面几乎无形体的起伏,通体浑然,因此平面、雄浑、写意便成了它最主要的风格特点；5.麒麟：明孝陵麒麟与前代相比,纹饰又遍布全身,而且神圣感消失,更具人间生活气息,据此它的风格应是装饰、俗情；6.石马：孝陵的石马最突出的特点即它己不似汉、唐时期的战马,没有将结构刻出以表现它的威猛,它吸收了原始时期似儿童心理的纯真、朴实,整体造型风格朴拙、写意；7.石人：孝陵的石人如同之前的帝陵石刻一样具有庄严的风格,这是象生作为镇陵的功用性所决定,装饰风格则突出表现在武将那极具构成感、纹样化的盔甲、衣饰上。明孝陵的石象生是对前代的继承、总结,并在此基础上的创新。因此,它们在整体上呈现出古代雕塑艺术风格的一般特征,即线描平面、程式夸张、装饰写实、雄浑写意、俗情写真等风格。在得出明孝陵石象生的艺术风格后,文中从时代、思想、技术因素层面上对这些风格的成因给予了深入分析。明初将中国重新大一统后的民族自信心膨胀是形成象生雄浑写意等风格的时代原因。明初奉行的丧葬从简之风是形成平面、线描、写意等风格的思想原因,倡导人与自然合一的宋明理学是促成象生线描、雅逸风格的思想因素。在技术层面上,质地较硬的白云岩直接影响了工匠采用注重大的体块的雕凿方法,进而影响了作品的平面、写意等风,而在细节采用的平雕、线刻等方法则影响了象生的装饰风格。明孝陵的石象生具有的艺术文化价值在今天更加凸显。成为研究明代艺术以及古代文化艺术的一个绝佳对象。它不仅在学术研究上给研究者提供了一个参考,更给当代艺术创作者留下了一个学习古代艺术作品在表现技法、艺术风格、艺术境界等方面的难得范本。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the world cultural heritage Ming Xiao Mausoleum, the Shinto placed on both sides of Stone Statue is the Chinese ancient stone carving art masterpiece, it inherited the former basis of regulation, and the new creation. As the offspring of tombs and stone carvings of the construction provides a model. Ming Xiao Mausoleum of Stone Statue have historical value not only, in the contemporary academic researchers view, more artistic value. This article from the perspective of artistic style of its artistic features.Localization of a piece of art style is to associate it with different age works be compared after that. We will be Ming Xiao Mausoleum statue of health in ancient Chinese history of Stone Statue in which a comparison is made, from each life like postural dynamics, modeling technique, form and other aspects of its and other times as students at different points, the unique artistic style.Line, plane is not only a kind of modeling technique, is also a kind of art style. In a western style scientist Wolf forest look, line drawing is the outline of a relatively stable style, flat surface without excessive rolling art style. Popular feeling is a kind of secular feelings into works of art style.We would like the Ming Xiao Mausoleum each category study one by one, are respectively positioned.1:the Ming Xiao Mausoleum lions lions and the Han, Tang, Song Dynasties, the city is found in the dynamic, than the previous generation is more stable, more ornamentation, and secular changes, we will therefore Tomb of style for line drawing, decoration, popular feeling;2Xie Zhi:Tomb with Tang Ling comparison of the most prominent feature is its flatness, namely the surface without excessive body undulation, freehand brushwork is for two common styles, the most prominent is the ancient sculpture art style;3camel:camel in existing mausoleum stone is the first, and the offspring of comparison has more natural, elegant posture and like mountains modeling, according to these characteristics with its positioning as elegant, noble style; the4stone elephants:tomb stone image to image manipulation of body surface modeling, almost no form of ups and downs, the muddy, so the plane, forceful, freehand brushwork became its main features;5kylin kylin:Ming Xiao Mausoleum in contrast with the preceding dynasties, ornamentation and throughout the body, and a sense of the sacred disappear, more human life breath, accordingly its style should be decorative, popular feeling;6Shima:Tomb race is the most prominent feature is the It is not like Han, Tang Dynasty horse, no structure carved to represent its mighty, it absorbed the original period like the children’s psychological innocence and simplicity, the overall styling of Piao clumsy;7:tomb stone stone stone Mausoleum as before as a solemn style, this is life like as a town Ling function determined by. The decoration style prominent generals in that very sense of composition, patterns of armor, dress.Ming Xiao Mausoleum of Stone Statue is on the front generation inheritance, summarize, and on the basis of innovation. Therefore, they are on the whole shows the general characteristics of ancient sculpture art style, i.e. drawing plane, programs, decoration, and exaggerated realism freehand portrait style, popular feeling.In that Ming Xiao Mausoleum of Stone Statue’s artistic style, this paper from the era, ideas, technology and other factors on the style origin gives in-depth analysis. The Chinese unification will again after the national confidence expansion is formed as student vigorous freehand styles such as the age of reason. The adherence to the funeral simple wind is the formation of plane, line drawing, such as freehand style for ideological reasons, advocates person and natural unity of Neo-Confucianism contributed to life like drawing, elegant style of the thought factor. On the technical level, the quality of material hard dolomite directly affects the artisans using focus on large blocks of stone, which has affected the work plane, such as freehand wind, while the details of the Ping carving, line engraving method affects the life like decorative style. Ming Xiao Mausoleum of Stone Statue with the art of cultural value in today’s more prominent. As of Ming art and ancient culture and art a good object. It is not only in academic research to give researchers a reference, to a more contemporary artists a study of ancient works of art in the technique of expression, art style, art and other aspects of the rare model.更多还原