【作者】 李志音；

【导师】 时显群；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 民商法， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 科技的飞速发展大大提高了当今社会的生活质量,但其所造成的环境问题也与日俱增,由环境污染和生态破坏所引起的环境侵权案件时有发生。与传统环境侵权相比较,环境侵权有其特殊性,这使得在环境侵权民事责任构成要件上也呈现出与一般民事侵权构成不同的特点。针对如此特殊、严重的情况,笔者对其责任中的构成要件加以分析比较,并希望能从中找到有效途径从而进一步完善我国环境侵权民事责任立法。文章主要由五个章节组成：第一章主要是对环境侵权所涉及的有关涵义进行分析。即对环境侵权和环境民事侵权的概念、特点及功能加以介绍和讨论。首先在对诸多学者关于环境侵权涵义的分析后,对环境侵权和环境民事侵权进行定义,进而对环境侵权的特殊性和环境侵权民事责任的功能进行归纳总结,并详细重点介绍了环境侵权中的共同侵权形式。明晰以上基本问题后,方可很好的进行下一步讨论。第二章侧重对环境侵权民事责任的构成要件进行分析。文章在对其构成要件的定义进行明晰之后,指出责任的归责原则对于侵权责任构成具有十分重要的意义,责任构成的判断应以归责原则为指导,在环境侵权中无过错责任原则的适用在很大程度上保护了受害者的环境权益。第三章主要介绍了发达国家环境侵权民事责任构成要件的立法实践。这一部分主要从立法体系、归责原则、因果关系推定等角度分析了美国、德国、日本、等发达国家在此方面的研究和发展,并对以上内容进行比较和总结,为下文完善我国相关内容的研究奠定了良好的基础。第四章则主要对我国环境侵权民事责任构成现状进行了陈述,指出我国目前在此领域内立法上的不足之处,并结合康菲漏油事故、紫金矿业污染事故等相关案例讨论了我国当前环境侵权民事责任构成立法上的不完善给我国司法实践所带来的困难。第五章主要对我国环境侵权民事责任构成进行立法性思考。完善我国环境侵权民事责任制度尤其是对环境侵权民事责任的构成加以完善是本文研究目的之所在。本部分主要就立法上的冲突、损害主体、举证责任、因果关系推定等提出了立法性建议：首先,环境侵权民事责任的构成不应以违法性为前提,其构成要件应包括：(1)污染或破坏环境的行为；(2)有损害事实的存在；(3)污染或破坏环境的行为与损害事实之间存在因果关系。从国内外诸多司法实践中不难得出,在生态破坏等自然资源法中适用无过错责任原则更有利于对自然资源的保护,也更有利于保护公民的相关环境权。但同时也应考虑到不能过于挫伤企业进行生产活动的积极性,因此应对无过错责任的适用条件加以适当限制。其次,应扩大环境侵权损害的范围、明确精神损害赔偿主体,通过侵权损害范围的扩大,可以使本来就处于弱势地位的受害人的合法权益得到很好的救济,也可以使环境资源得到很好的保护。再次,明确举证责任倒置和因果关系推定规则,基于环境侵权自身的特殊性,在诸多情形下中,受害人是很难对因果关系的科学性进行如此严密的证明的,这一方面使受害人不能得到及时有效的救济,另一方面也造成司法资源的浪费。社会发展至今天,采用因果关系推定方法来解决环境侵权问题,是时代发展的需要,也是司法实践所必须。同时应注意,作为人类文明高度发展的副产品,环境侵权类型愈发复杂,侵权行为的种类也随之增多,甚至危害性也更加严重。在这种情况下,若只采用单一的因果关系推定方法,势必会造成在司法实践中对其应用的僵化或错用,如此一来,也达不到保护受害人权益,遏制和减少侵权行为的目的。因此,应根据环境侵权的类型及复杂性等特点确定和适用不同的因果关系推定方法,只有多种方法相结合,才有利于局势的稳定和发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rapid advancements on science and technology substantially improve the quality of life for the society; however, it owes a lot to the increasing environmental problems. Environmental tort cases caused by environmental pollution and ecological damage have occurred from time to time. Compared to the traditional tort, environmental tort has its unique constitutive requirements, which differentiate it from general civil tort. In view of such special situation, the author analyzes and compares its constitutive requirements among the responsibilities and attempts to figure out an effective measure that would further enhance civil liability of environmental tort legislation. This thesis is comprised of five chapters:Part 1. It mainly analyzes the related implications involved in environmental tort, that is, concepts, features and functions within environmental tort and environmental civil infringement are introduced and discussed. Specifically, first of all, the concepts defined by many scholars within environmental tort are analyzed. Then, environmental tort and environmental civil infringement are defined. Furthermore, the characteristics of environmental tort and the functions of civil liability on environmental tort are summarized. Finally, the form of common tort among environmental tort is mainly introduced with details. The clear definitions of the fundamental problems favor a lot of the discussion in the following part.Part 2. It focuses on the analysis of constitutive requirements of civil liability on environmental tort. The thesis clarifies the definition of its constitutive requirements and points out that the doctrine of liability fixation plays a significance role in the composition of tort liability. The judgement of the constitution of liability should be directed by the doctrine of liability fixation. Within the case of environmental tort, the application of principle of liability without fault largely protects environmental rights and interests for the victims.Part 3. It chiefly introduces legislative practices on constitutive requirements of civil liability on environmental tort in developed country. This part analyses the research and advancement in this domain within developed countries, such as, the United States, Germany, Japan, and etc, from the perspective of legislation system, doctrine of liability fixation, presumption of causal relation; compares and summarizes the above content, which lays a favorable foundation for ours.Part 4. It generally states the current situation of the composition of our civil liability on environmental tort, which indicates the weakness on legislation in this area. Based on the cases of Conoco Phillips oil spill accident, Zijin Mining pollution incident and so on, this part discussed the difficulties within our juridical practices caused by the imperfection of the current constitutive requirements of civil liability on environmental tort.Part 5. It mainly analyses the constitution of civil liability on environmental tort in China. This thesis aims at improving the civil liability system on environmental tort, especially for its constitution. This part raises the legislative suggestions from the perspective of legislative conflicts, damaged main body, burden of proof, presumption of causal relation:firstly, illegality should not be premise in terms of the constitution of civil liability on environmental tort, its constitutive requirements include:(1) behaviors on polluting or damaging environment; (2) existence of damaged facts; (3) existence of causal relationship between behaviors on polluting or damaging the environment and damaged facts. It is obvious that the application of principle of liability without fault within natural resources law favors the protection of the natural resources and also benefits for related environmental rights of citizens from the view of juridical practices around the world. However, at the same time, considering not frustrate the dynamics of production activity of enterprise, the limitations on application of principle of liability without fault should be imposed. Secondly, the scope of the damage of environmental tort should be expanded and the subject of mental damages should be clarified. Through the expansion of the scope of the damage, lawful rights and interests of the victims in an inferior position can be protected and the environmental resources can be protected.Thirdly, regulations of the inversion of burden of proof and presumption of causal relation are clarified. Based on the characteristics of environmental tort itself, under many conditions, it is difficult for victims to rigorously testify the causal relationship, which, on one hand, keeps the victim from achieving effective assistance on time; on the other hand, lead to the waste of juridical resources. Until now, it is necessary to take the presumption of causal relationship as the measure to tackle the environment tort, which is a necessity for development of the era and juridical practices. Meanwhile, more attention should be paid on the fact that the type of environmental tort is getting more complicated as the by-product during the period of highly developed civilization, accompanied by the increasing type of tort behavior and more serious harmfulness. Under this circumstance, the application of single method of presumption of causal relation would be bound to cause rigid or misuse, which might not protect the legal right of the victim and might restrain the aim of decreasing tort behaviors. Therefore, varied method of presumption of causal relation should be defined and applied for different types of environmental tort and its complexity. It is beneficial to stabilize and develop the situation through combining multiple methods.更多还原