拨乱反正时期的英模文化研究（1976-1982）

【作者】 于院芳；

【导师】 田海林；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 中共党史， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 泱泱五千年的中华历史，英才辈出，前仆后继，记录了一幅幅令人难忘的英模画面，留下了许多弥足珍贵的精神财富。几千年来形成的中华民族精神，早已渗透到中国人的思维方式和日常行动中。英雄模范所展现出的崇高理想和献身精神，使他们成为引领时代前进，推动社会进步的先锋旗帜。时势造就英模，时代需要英模，这是社会进步之必然，之必需。英模是时代的产物，它直接或间接地折射着一个国家或是民族、一个社会或是团体的人文精神和价值取向。一直以来，对于英模人物的研究，人们多是将其视为一种政治环境，从思想教育、政治宣传等角度来认识，而较少的将其视为一种社会文化现象来进行理性的学术解读。拨乱反正是党和政府为纠正文化大革命错误，改变当时国内混乱局面，使国内局势趋于稳定而进行的一场政治改革。它作为社会主义时期全党工作实现伟大转折的前奏和开端，在党的历史上占有重要的地位，具有鲜明的历史转型特色。这一时期党和政府对“文革”时期的英模人物进行了拨乱反正，同时也对涌现出的大量的英模人物进行了表彰和宣传，像对越自卫反击战中的英雄、优秀的科学家等等。通过对这些英模人物的归类整理，以英模人物谱系为切入点，从历史和现实的角度对构成英模文化的主体进行解读，从而揭示这一时期英模文化形成与发展的社会机制。树立英模典型在中国已绝不是仅仅意味着一种普通的宣传方式，英模文化对中国社会有着深远的影响。“文革”结束后，经过党和全国人民的努力，我国实现了以阶级斗争为纲到以经济建设为重心的重大战略转移，对中国历史上的若干失误和错误进行了全面纠正，扭转了国内混乱的局面。英模文化也逐步走上正轨，进入复苏期，并在社会主义现代化国家的建设中发挥了重要的作用。英模文化是一种具有正面示范和激励功能的文化形态，也是一种极具中国特色的社会文化，是人民大众的文化，具有普世性的特点。结合拨乱反正这一时代背景，英模文化还表现出一些新变化和新特色：英模人物类型多样化；对英模人物报道的真实性得到一定的回归；英模文化的宣传方式得到进一步发展；对于英模人物的报道宣传，受众参与度提高等等。英模文化具有积极的社会效应，但是由于受到时代的局限，也不可避免的带有一定的缺陷。通过对英模文化各个方面详细的分析，认识和理解这一特殊历史时期的文化形态，进而尝试构建中共倡导的英模文化史学体系，深入探讨中共主流意识形态的流变。这一时期英模文化的考察和研究，对于中国特色社会主义新文化模式的构建及中国特色社会主义的精神文明建设也具有深刻的理论价值和现实意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Accommodating five thousand years of Chinese history, excellence men,fought, recorded an increase memorable images of heroes, left many preciousspiritual wealth.Thousands of years to form the Chinese national spirit, it hadpenetrated into the Chinese way of thinking and daily operations.Heroic model ofthe show high ideals and dedication to make them lead the advance of the times,the vanguard of social progress flag.The times create heroes, and need heroes, which is the inevitable of the socialprogress, necessary. Heroes is the product of the times. It directly or indirectlyreflects a country or nation, a society or group human spirit and value orientation.Has been, for the study of the hero characters, most people will be regarded as apolitical environment from the perspective of ideological education, politicalpropaganda, to understand, less as a social and cultural phenomenon to a rationalacademic interpretation.Order out of chaos is a political reform by the party and the government tocorrect the errors of the Cultural Revolution, the change was chaos, so that thedomestic situation stabilized.As the party’s work to achieve the socialist period, theprelude and the beginning of the great turning point in the history of the party,itplayed an important role,and had distinct characteristics of the historicaltransformation. This period the party and government brought order out of chaos tothe hero characters of the "Cultural Revolution",also to have emerged many heroescharacter undertook recognition and publicity,such as the hero of Self-defenseagainst Vietnam, the best scientists.Through to these heroes character classification,to a class characters as the breakthrough point, from the perspectives of history andreality of the main body of class culture, thereby revealing this period hero-modelculture formation and development of the social mechanism.Establish the heroes typical in China has not only means a common way ofpublicity, hero-model culture on Chinese society has a far-reaching influence.After the end of the "Cultural Revolution"，through the efforts of the party and the people,the country has achieved the class struggle to economic construction as the focusof a major strategic shift, the number of Chinese history, a comprehensive errorsand error correction, reversing the domestic chaos.Heroes culture gradually on theright track, into the recovery period, and played an important role in theconstruction of a modern socialist country.Heroes culture is a positive model and incentive features of cultural patterns,is also a unique Chinese social culture,and is the culture of the masses of thepeople, with universal characteristics.Combined the background of the order outof chaos, the heroes culture also showed some new changes and new features:heroes character type diversification; some regression to the authenticity of thereport by the heroes characters;heroes promote a culture of the way for furtherdevelopment; hero figures reported publicity, and audience participation toimprove, and so on.Heroes culture has a positive social effect, but due to time constraints ,alsowith some inevitable flaws. Through a detailed analysis of all aspects of heroesculture, awareness and understanding cultural patterns of this particular historicalperiod, and then try to build a Chinese cultural history system advocated by theheroes, in-depth study of the rheology of Chinese mainstream ideology. Studyingand researching heroes culture of this period , for new culture with Chinesecharacteristics and mode of socialism with Chinese characteristics to build spiritualcivilization also has profound theoretical and practical significance.更多还原