【作者】 闫志弘；

【导师】 曲晓范；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 张家口是中国在北方贸易以及对俄贸易方面的一个重要集散地,在中国西北贸易史和中俄贸易史上有着举足轻重的地位。其中由蒙古和俄罗斯输入张家口的货物中尤以皮毛为大宗。张家口因此也有了“塞外皮都”的称号。其特殊的地理位置决定了张家口是一个重要的皮毛集散地。张家口北邻蒙古高原,又与俄国相通,这两个地方是世界上产皮毛的主要地区,为张家口皮毛贸易的发展提供了可靠的原料市场。与此同时,蒙古和俄罗斯对于中国内地的茶叶和丝绸等日用品也有广泛的需求。而且张家口是蒙古进入中原、俄国进入中国北京的最近道路。中国内地对于皮毛的需求又为皮毛贸易的发展提供了广阔的倾销市场,进入近代之后,更是拥有了世界市场。这些都为张家口成为一个皮毛集散地提供了条件。张家口皮毛贸易历时近四百年,经历了兴起、发展、繁荣和衰落四个阶段。从隆庆五年(1571年),明政府允许在张家口开放马市,张家口的旅蒙贸易正式开始。清建立后,清政府册封八大皇商,实行“部票制度”,旅蒙业得到了进一步的发展。康熙年间,中俄贸易开始,恰克图边境贸易的开始,使得张家口成为从恰克图到北京的必经之地。张家口皮毛贸易市场逐渐形成。1860年《北京条约》和1862年《陆路通商章程》的签订,使得俄商的势力正式进入张家口。与此同时,这一时期,各国外商也受利益刺激,陆续进入张家口收购皮毛,从中获取巨额利润。随着皮毛贸易的不断发展,交通运输的落后就成为了制约贸易发展的一个重要因素。京张铁路和张库公路的先后修建和开通,增加了运输皮毛等货物的数量,最终将张家口皮毛贸易推向繁盛。1925年到1929年,张家口迎来了皮毛贸易发展的顶峰。但是随后在中苏断交,张库商道中断以及日本入侵和中国内战等一系列政治因素的影响下而迅速走向衰落。张家口皮毛贸易的存在,对于张家口的发展具有极大的影响。不仅促进了经济的发展,其他相关行业兴起和发展以及整个张家口近代城市的形成和布局也都受其影响,而且造就了特有的张家口文化。当然,其历史教训也是值得我们深思的。总的来说,张家口皮毛贸易的历史地位仍然是值得我们肯定的。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zhangjiakou is an important trade-centre and takes an important role in the history of northwestern and Russian trade. Zhangjiakou entitled“The City of Fur Beyond the Great Wall”for two reasons:one was about the imported fur which was from Mongolia and Russia; and the other was about the advantages of its geographical location: it borders on Russia and Mongolian Plateau to the north which were two major fur producing areas. Beside the reliable support of raw materials, the broad request for tea and silk from Mongolia and Russia, the nearest entrance to Beijing and wide market in Mainland were the provided conditions for Zhangjiakou to be the centre.There are four periods in the history of fur-trade in Zhangjiakou: the rising, the developing, the flourishing and the declining period.The rising period was from 1571 when the Ming Government permitted Mongolia to open horse-market in Zhangjiakou. The developing period was long and developed gradually: the Qing Government canonized eight imperial business and practiced“the system of Bu Ticket”; during Kang Xi period, the trade of Kyakhta began and Zhangjiakou was the only way to pass to Beijing; Treaty of Beijing in 1860 and Road Trade Articles in 1862 made the force of Russia business to be legalized in China; and at the same time, motivated by the interest, foreign business of other countries purchased fur to get gorgeous interest from road trade; The flourishing period appeared from 1925 to 1929 which was pushed by two main roads—the Jing Zhang Railway and the Jing Ku Road. The declining period was out of political elements, such as the break of Sino-soviet ties, the interruption of commerce on Zhang Ku Road, the invasion of Japan and civil war.The fur-trade in Zhangjiakou played an important role in the development of this city: not only in the aspect of economy, related industry and the urban pattern but also the culture of Zhangjiakou. Though there is some shortage, the importance of the fur-trade in Zhangjiakou is worth to approve.更多还原