【作者】 刘艳；

【导师】 李素清；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 生态学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 本文在野外调查的基础上,应用数量生态学方法对太原市春秋两季草坪植被的群落组成、植物群落的数量分类和排序、优势种的种间关联和优势种生态位进行了分析。太原市草坪秋季杂草入侵种类达29科59属70种,其中菊科和禾本科的杂草最多；春季杂草有18科32属37种,菊科杂草最多。与春季相比,秋季草坪杂草种类更多,数量更大。应用TWINSPAN和DCA相结合的方法对太原市草坪植被的生态关系进行分析,TWINSPAN分类将秋季所调查的72个样方划分为14个群丛,春季66个样方划分为8个群丛,其结果很好的反映了杂草的种类及盖度与草坪草之间的关系。秋季和春季的DCA排序结果一致,均表明人工管理养护水平是影响草坪杂草发生的主导因子,第一轴反映了草坪的土壤水分梯度变化,第二轴反映了草坪除杂修剪程度的变化。在对太原市草坪进行χ2检验定性分析的基础上,采用Pearson相关系数和Spearmam秩相关系数方法定量地分析太原市草坪植物各物种间的关联程度,春秋两季优势种的χ2的检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数结果都表明太原市草坪植物种对间关联显著率低,正负关联比远小于1,说明草坪种对间的竞争力不强,群落结构不稳定。按照种的生态特征和生活习性,秋季25个优势种可划分为4个生态种组,春季比秋季少1个生态种组,因为有些杂草在春季调查期发生量小未成为优势种。应用Shannon-Wiener指数和Pianka的方法研究了太原市春秋两季草坪优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠度,结果表明：秋季杂草中,马唐(1.415)、狗尾草(1.299)、早开堇菜(1.181)生态位宽度比其它杂草的大,生态位重叠值大的种对有独荇菜与牛筋草(0.483)、灰绿藜与反枝苋(0.487)；春季杂草中车前(1.242)、独荇菜(1.222)、蒲公英(1.184)、荠菜(1.149)生态位宽度较大,独荇菜与田旋花(0.392)、附地菜与车前(0.381)间的生态位重叠值大。通过以上几个方面的讨论,对太原市草坪的科学管理提出了几条新建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the field investigation, the lawn communities were studied by using quantitative vegetation ecology method, including community composition, ecological relationship analysis between the weeds and turf grasses, the interspecific relationship of the dominant plant species, niche characteristics of dominant population.There were 70 weeds invasive in the autumn lawn, which belonged to 29 families,59 genera in the lawn of Taiyuan. Those species were mostly consisted of Composite and Grass Family. There were 37 weeds belonging to 18 families,32 genera in spring weeds and the Family possessing weeds most was Composite Family. Compared with spring weeds, the weeds species of autumn were more, and the coverage of weeds was larger.TWINSPAN and DCA were applied to the analysis of the lawn communities. The result showed that:1) TWINSPAN classified the 72 quadrats of autumn weeds into 14 associations, and classified the 66 quadrats of spring weeds into 8 associations, the species composition and quantities of weeds communities were affected by species characteristics of lawn grasses; 2) DCA ordination of autumn communities were consistent with the result of spring communities. The result indicated that the management levels of lawn were the dominant factors responsible for the weed distribution in lawn. The first axis of DCA indicated the soil moisture gradient among the communities, while the second axis expressed the level of weeding and mowing.The interspecific association and correlation of the dominant species of lawn vegetation were analyzed byχ2-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The result of theχ2-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient all showed that the most species-pairs were not correlative evidently and the ratios of positive and negative correlations were less than 1. That was to say competitiveness of the most species pairs was low and the community was unstable. According to biological features and the way of resource utilization, 25 dominant species of autumn were divided into 4 ecological groups and spring was one group less than autumn, because some weed species in spring did not sprout and grow.Niche breadths and niche overlaps of dominant species of the lawn plant communities were measured and analyzed using the indexes proposed by Shannon-Wiener and Pianka. The results indicated that:1) In autumn, the niche breadths of Digitaria sanguinalis(1.415), Setaria viridis(1.299) and Viola prioantha(1.181) were bigger than the others. The niche overlaps of the dominant species in Lepidium apetalum and Eleusine indica(0.483), Chenopodium glaucum and Amaranthus retroflexu(0.487) were big.2) In spring, Plantago asiatica(1.242), Lepidium apetalum(1.222), Taraxacum mongolicum(1.184) and Capsella bursa-pastoris (1.149) have bigger niche breadths. The niche overlap between Lepidium apetalum and Convolvulus arvensis (0.392), Trigonotis peduncularis and Plantago asiatica (0.381) were more than that of other species-pairs.According to the above research, some new strategies about the lawn scientific management were proposed.更多还原