【作者】 马宁；

【导师】 杨培君；

【作者基本信息】 陕西理工学院 ， 植物学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 石参为百合科独尾草（Eremurus chinensis Fedtsch.）的肉质根加工产品,是一种稀有的山野菜。以陕西略阳产独尾草的肉质根和其加工品石参为研究材料,采用常规分析法、GC-MS法、UV法、FAAS和GFAAS法,测定了蛋白质、粗脂肪、总糖、还原糖、多糖、粗纤维、矿质元素等含量,以及氨基酸、脂肪酸和挥发油组分。通过单因素和正交试验,优化石参多糖提取和检测工艺,单因素实验考查Sevage法除蛋白质效果。此外,建立石参多糖体外化学体系,测定了体外抗氧化活性。主要研究结果如下。研究表明,石参加工品和鲜独尾草根中蛋白质含量分别为7.40%和7.70%,含量较高,石参生产加工过程中总蛋白含量有少量损失。石参和鲜独尾草根的蛋白质均含有18种氨基酸,含有人体所需的8种必需氨基酸,氨基酸比值系数SRC值分别为69.54和67.96,营养价值和功能特性较好。石参和鲜独尾草根富含鲜味氨基酸,且第一限制性氨基酸均为含硫氨基酸,石参与一般野菜在蛋白质的氨基酸组成方面有相似性特征。石参加工品和鲜独尾草根粗脂肪含量分别为5.42%和5.67%,在加工石参过程中有部分粗脂肪的损失。GC-MS法从石参中分离鉴定出26种脂肪酸成分,1种未知成分。26种成分占脂肪酸成分的96.025%,其中不饱和脂肪酸7种,占脂肪酸总量的52.36%;同时检测出5种甾族类化合物,包括1种植物甾醇,γ-谷甾烯醇（0.271%）和4种甾烯类化合物（3.704%）。GC-MS法从鲜独尾草根挥发油中分离鉴定出24种化学成分,主要种类有苯乙酸-苯乙酯（43.833%）、苯乙酸-甲基-苯甲酯（14.994%）、顺式-2-甲基-苯乙烯基-萘（13.590%）等。石参产品中总糖和还原糖含量较高,加工过程对糖含量影响较小。对粗纤维提取方法进行优化可知,通过垂融漏斗过滤法提取粗纤维,对含量影响较小,准确度较高;不同试剂脱脂处理对粗纤维测定结果无显著影响。运用优化后的方法对材料中粗纤维含量进行测定,结果表明,鲜独尾草根和石参中粗纤维含量分别为7.54%和7.44%,二者含量无明显差别。RSD值表明优化后的方法准确度高。获得石参多糖提取工艺优化条件为料液比1:50,提取温度90℃,提取次数3次,提取时间2h,此条件下石参多糖得率达13.44%。单因素试验优化Sevage法除蛋白方法的结果表明,经过5次除蛋白后,多糖中蛋白质含量仅为1.58μg/mL,而多糖损失率仅11.37%,此时脱蛋白效果良好,对石参多糖含量影响较小。石参多糖检测工艺条件为6%苯酚用量1.6mL,浓硫酸用量7.0mL,显色时间30min和显色温度80℃。采用优化后的提取和检测工艺测得石参多糖含量为14.73%。采用体外化学抗氧化体系,研究石参多糖对超氧阴离子（O₂^-·）、羟自由基（·OH）、1,1-二苯基-2苦苯肼自由基（DPPH·）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）的清除能力。结果表明,石参多糖在各种体系中都表现出一定的清除能力,但强弱程度并不完全一致。与VC相比,石参多糖对H₂O₂有较强的清除作用;对·OH和DPPH·的清除作用较弱;而对O₂^-·的清除作用最弱。矿质元素分析测定结果表明,石参加工品中各矿质元素平均含量分别为Ca 542.20μg/g,Na 235.42μg/g,Mg 196.81μg/g,Zn 63.73μg/g,Fe 173.39μg/g,Cu 24.17μg/g和Mn 113.91μg/g,含量从大到小顺序为:Ca>Na>Mg>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu;鲜独尾草根和加工品中各元素含量有一定差别,石参中Ca,Na,Mg,Cu和Mn 5种元素含量均低于鲜独尾草根;独尾草叶中有丰富的矿质元素;所有材料中重金属含量指标低于国家颁布的限量范围。综上所述,石参主要营养成分含量与常见山野菜、蔬菜相应研究数据比较,蛋白质、粗脂肪、糖类和粗纤维含量较高;氨基酸种类齐全,蛋白营养价值和功能性较好;矿质元素种类丰富。比较石参产品加工前后各主要成分的变化,其初加工对石参的主要营养成分的含量和品质影响较小。石参多糖体外抗氧化作用的初步研究表明,石参多糖具有一定的清除自由基活性,其多糖提取和检测工艺优化数据可为产业化生产提供理论参数。此外,从石参中检测出1种植物甾醇（γ-谷甾烯醇）和4种甾烯类化合物,其含量虽低,但属首次从山野菜和蔬菜中发现。山野菜石参主要营养成分种类齐全、含量较高、营养保健价值较高,是一种具有开发利用价值的天然食蔬资源。.更多还原

【Abstract】 Shishen, a precious regitable produced in Qinling Mountain area, is the processed products from fleshy roots of Eremurus chinensis belonging to the Genus Eremurus （Liliaceae）. The fresh roots of E. chinensis and Shishen were used as test materials. The contents of protein, crude fat, total sugar, reducing sugar, polysaccharide, crude fiber, mineral elements and heavy metals were measured, and the compositions of amino acids, fatty acids, volatile oil were analyzed by the methods of conventional, GC-MS, UV, FAAS and GFAAS. The optimed situations of polysaccharides extraction, detection and Sevage methods of protein eliminating were researched by single factor and orthogonal test. As well as, the antioxidant effect in vitro of Shishen polysaccharide were also tested. The main results were as follows:1. The protein content of Shishen and the fresh roots of E. chinensis were 7.40% and 7.70% seperately, which were higher than contrastive plants. The total protein content was partty loss in production process of Shishen. All of the tested materials contain 18 kinds of amino acids and 8 kinds of EAA, the ratio of SRC values were 69.54 and 67.96, the nutritional value were high. The tested materials were rich in flavous amino acids, and the first limiting amino acids were sulfur-containing amino acids, the amino acid composition of proteins in Shishen and other wild vegetables shared common features.2. The crude fat content of Shishen and the fresh roots of E. chinensis were 5.42% and 5.67% seperately, the total crude fat content was partly loss in production process of Shishen. We identified 26 fatty acids and 1 unknown composition from Shishen using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. The 26 fatty account for 90.025% of the total fatty acids, including 7 unsaturated fatty acids （account for 52.36%）. At the same time, 5 steroidal compounds were found, including 1 plant steroid （gamma.-Sitosterenol, 0.271%） and 4 vinyl-steroids compounds （3.704%）. 24 chemical compositions were identified from volatile oil in the fresh roots of E. chinensis. The main components were Benzene-acetic acid-2-phenylethyl ester （43.833%）, Acid-methyl-phenyl ester （14.994%）, and cis-2- methyl-styryl- naphthalene （13.590%）, etc.3. The total sugar and reducing sugar content were high in Shishen.The sugar content was relatively less affected in the process of participation. In the extraction of crude fiber by using the mothed of vertical blending funnel, we found that this method had little effect on crude fiber content and the experimental accuracy was high. Different methods of skimming reagents had no significant effect on the results of the crude fiber content. Our results show that crude fiber content of the fresh roots of E. chinensis and Shishen were 7.54% and 7.44% sperately, no significant difference between them. The RSD values indicate that the optimized method was accurate.4. The Shishen polysaccharide extraction conditions were solid-liquid ratio 1∶50, temperature 90℃, extracted 3 times and each time 2h. The content of polysaccharide was 13.44%. In the optimization of Sevage method to remove protein by single-factor test, after removing protein for 5 times, the protein content in polysaccharides was only 1.58μg/mL and the rate of polysaccharide loss was 11.37%. The effect of removing protein was good, and the polysaccharide content was less affected. The Shishen polysaccharide test conditions were 6% phenol content 1.6mL, sulphuric acid 7.0mL, time spanis 30min and temperature 80℃. Using the optimized extraction and detection techniques to detect the content of Shishen polysaccharide, the result was 14.73%.In addition, the scavenging ability of polysaccharides on superoxide anion（O₂^-·）, hydroxyl radical（·OH）, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH·）and hydrogen peroxide（H₂O₂）were studied in vitro chemical systems. The results showed that Shishen polysaccharides had certain scavenging activity in all of the systems, but the scavenging activity were different. The antioxidant effects on H₂O₂ were significant, relatively weaker scavenging activity were showed on·OH and DPPH·, and the weakest one was O₂^-·in this system.5. The average content of mineral elements in Shishen was Ca 542.20μg/g, Na 235.42μg/g, Mg 196.81μg/g, Zn 63.73μg/g, Fe 173.39μg/g, Cu 24.17μg/g and Mn 113.91μg/g, then descending order of mineral content was Ca>Na>Mg>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu. There were some differences in the element content between the fresh roots of E. chinensis and Shishen. The Ca, Na, Mg, Cu and Mn contents in Shishen was lower than those in the fresh roots of E. chinensis, and the mineral elements in leaves of E. chinensis were rich. The contents of heavy metals in all materials were lower than the national standard.Comparing with the corresponding data of common edible wild plants and daily vegetables, it was showed that the content of protein, fat, carbohydrate and crude fiber in Shishen were relatively high, the range of amino acids were completed, the nutritional value and functional of protein were good, the mineral elements were rich. The results also showed that the content of major nutrients had little loss in the production process of Shishen, but the process did not have a significant impact on their quality. Preliminary studies on Shishen antioxidant activity in vitro showed that Shishen polysaccharide had a certain activity of free radical scavenging. The extraction and detection process optimization of Shishen polysaccharide provided a theoretical basis for Shishen industrial production. In addition, 1 plant sterols （gamma.-Sitosterenol） and 4 vinyl-steroids compounds were found, the content levels was low, but they were the first to be found in common edible wild herbs and vegetables. As edible wild plants, Shishen was a natural food and vegetable resources, and it was worthy of further development and utilization.更多还原