【作者】 李琴；

【导师】 姚兆余；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 社会学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 1978年开始的经济改革,将中国社会带入了一个全面转型的历史时期。随着社会转型过程的不断推进,我国政治、经济、社会、文化等领域都发生了巨大的变化,与此同时,我国也进入了各种社会问题、社会矛盾丛生的时期。在这些社会问题和社会矛盾中,社会不公正问题和贫富分化成为焦点。城乡差距的拉大,社会弱势群体数量的增多,社会弱势群体的不公正待遇导致他们消极的社会态度,这将会对社会稳定造成极大冲击,不利于和谐社会的建设。农村低保群体处于弱势群体的底层,他们的生活状态和心理状态对整个社会的和谐稳定具有重要意义。农村低保群体和他们的生存状况、心理状态一直是国家关注的问题。本研究深入分析和总结以往相关社会保障、社会态度、国内外相关研究成果的基础上,通过对南京市150户农村低保户生活状况的实地调查,分析了南京市农村低保群体在收入、支出、耐用品拥有量、住房、社会保障等方面表现出来的基本状况,试图在农村社会背景下和农村低保群体的生存状态下探求农村低保群体的社会态度的具体状态和影响其社会态度的因素。在此基础上,提出了优化农村低保群体社会态度的对策。研究表明,农村低保群体的收入水平低,来源单一化；日常生活支出成为他们的主要负担；耐用品数量较少,社会保障程度低下,无法满足其基本生存的需要。尽管农村低保群体的生存状况比较恶劣,但是农村低保群体的整体社会态度比较积极。“对政府的服从程度’是对社会态度影响作用最大的维度,农村低保关注的最主要问题是贫富分化以及“贫富分化和致富原因”,对于非法致富和不公平竞争导致的贫富分化态度比较消极。农村低保群体对于与自己切身相关的不公正待遇和国家政策表现出了一定的消极态度；人口特征对于农村低保群体的社会态度具有影响作用,但是人口特征的具体因素对于社会态度三个维度的影响是不一致的。年龄、客观阶层对于“对政府的服从程度”具有显著影响。对于“贫富分化和致富原因”态度,年龄、客观阶层对于以及性别和年龄的交互作用、年龄和客观阶层交互作用具有显著影响。对于“对政策不公正的态度”年龄的主效应婚姻状况的主效应,以及性别和年龄的交互作用具有显著作用。社会环境因素对于农村低保群体的社会态度具有一定影响,低保建设对于“政府服从度”具有影响,社会秩序“贫富分化影响态度”产生影响。生活环境对于“政策的不公正的态度”具有影响。为了使农村低保群体形成更加积极的社会态度,需要加大对低保群体的社会支持。在社会公平理念的指导下,促进农村低保群体积极的社会态度必须从农村贫困问题、建立公平的社会保障政策、促进社会公正、宣传积极的社会价值观方面出发。更多还原

【Abstract】 The economic reforms which began in 1978 have brought the Chinese society into a historical period of comprehensive transformation. With the continuous progress in the process of social transformation, the political, economic, cultural and other fields of our society have undergone tremendous changes. China has also entered the period with a variety of social problems as well as social conflicts. Among these problems and conflicts, social injustice and the rich-poor polarization became the focuses. The expansion of the urban-rural gap, the increasing number of the vulnerable groups in society and the unjust treatments to these groups which led to their negative social attitudes, caused great impact on social stability, and went against to a harmonious society. Groups of rural residents are at the bottom of vulnerable groups, their living conditions and psychological state are important to the harmony and stability of society as a whole.Rural residents groups with the minimum living standards, and their living conditions and psychological states have always been the state concerns. This research deeply analyses and summarizes the results of previous relevant domestic and international researches of social security and social attitudes. Moreover, through the field survey of 150 rural residents’ living conditions in Nanjing, the research analyses their revenues, expenditures, the possession of durable goods, housing, social security and other aspects of the basic situation, and tries to explore the specific states of the rural residents’ social attitudes in the context of rural society and the living condition of rural residents groups and the factors affecting their social attitudes. On this basis, the strategy of optimizing the social attitudes of rural residents groups is proposed.Contents and conclusions of this study are mainly as follows:from the study the living conditions of rural residents groups, we find that low level and single source of income make daily living expenses a main burden for these groups, and the lack of social security cannot meet their basic survival needs. Though the rural residents groups are living in poor conditions, they have got positive attitude towards the whole community. The degree of obedience to government is the most influential factor to social attitudes of these groups. The rich-poor polarization and the reasons to get rich attract most of the attention of the rural residents groups, but the attitudes of rural residents towards the illegal enrichment and unfair competition are very negative. These groups are also very negative to the personal-related unjust treatments and the national policies. The personal characteristics affect the social attitude of the groups as well, but its specific factors have different effects to the three dimensions of social attitude. The age and the objective level have significant impacts to the degree of obedience to government. Among these factors, the age and the degree of social security are obviously positive-correlated to the degree of obedience to government. Several factors are significantly effective to the attitude about the rich-poor polarization and the reasons to get rich including the age, the objective level, the interaction of gender*age and the interaction of age*objective level. The attitude to unfair policies is mainly affected by the age, the marital status and the interaction of age* gender.The social and environmental factors also have some influence on the rural residents groups’social attitudes. The construction of minimum living standard affects the degree of obedience to government, the social order influences the attitude towards rich-poor polarization, the living environment impacts the attitude towards the unfair policy.In order to optimize the social attitudes of rural residents groups, the social supports to them need to be increased. The optimization should be under the guidance of the concept of social justice, and based on the aspects like the rural poverty, the establishment of a fair social security policy, the promotion of social justice and the advocacy of positive social value.更多还原