【作者】 吴东浩；

【导师】 王备新；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 一、底栖动物生物指数水质评价进展及在我国的应用前景水质生物评价历经了一个多世纪的发展,其重要性已慢慢被人们所认知。大型底栖无脊椎动物是国家级水质生物评价方法中最常用的指示生物,本文回顾了基于底栖动物的3类广泛应用的水质生物评价参数：Saprobic指数、BI指数和记分系统以及群落多样性指数的发展简史,并分析了各指数的优缺点。我国的水质生物监测与发达国家之间相比有很大差距,鉴定资料匮乏,底栖动物的耐污值尚未科学建立,缺乏规范化的采样方法以及评价标准；另外,大众对生物监测的关注度低,这些都阻碍了生物监测在我国的发展。欧盟成员国、北美和澳大利亚等国都早已建立了适合本国(地区)的水质生物评价规划,而我国目前尚缺乏一个国家级的水质生物评价指数。目前,BI指数的应用已推广至各种水体(溪流、河流、湖泊和水库),这为BI指数在我国的推广应用创造了一个良好的契机。作者建议尽快深入开展BI指数的相关研究,解决BI指数在我国推广存在的问题,建立区域或流域的BI指数评价标准,最终建立基于BI指数的国家级水质生物评价规范,充分发挥生物监测在水环境管理中的应用。二、秦淮河上游水体大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构及水质生物评价2009年4月用D形网半定量采样法调查了秦淮河上游25个点位的大型底栖无脊椎动物群落多样性,共获得63个大型底栖无脊椎动物分类单元；其中,水生昆虫5目12科30属,软体动物9科11属19种,寡毛纲2科7属9种。研究结果表明BI指数比Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的评价结果更接近实际情况,BI指数与TN(r=0.44,p<0.05)和NH4+(r=0.40,p<0.05)之间显著相关,多样性指数与TN(r=-0.187,p>0.05)和NH4+(r=0.44,p>0.05)相关性不明显。水质生物评价的结果是秦淮河上游水体受到的污染较严重,句容地区的水体质量要高于南京。三、影响西苕溪底栖动物分布的关键环境变量指示种的建立利用2003年西苕溪TM数据和DEM模型计算了55个样点上游3种空间尺度下(亚流域、沿岸和局部)的土地利用类型,通过冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis, RDA)筛选出能够在显著水平上最大程度解释西苕溪流域底栖动物分布的最小变量组合——氨氮、荫蔽度、电导率、亚流域农田百分比以及栖境复杂度。方差分解结果表明氨氮是研究区域影响底栖动物分布的最重要环境变量,亚流域尺度农田百分比也是一个重要影响变量。在50%-100%适合度范围内最终筛选得到短脉纹石蛾种1(Cheumatopsyche spl)和种2 (Cheumatopsyche sp2),在一定范围内短脉纹石蛾的数量随着水体氨氮浓度和亚流域尺度农田百分比的上升而增加。短脉纹石蛾分布广泛、采集容易、具备一定的耐污能力和主动漂流能力、幼虫个体较大且在水中的生活史较长以及具有一定的生态可塑性等优点决定了短脉纹石蛾可以作为西苕溪流域的受干扰水体氨氮和亚流域尺度农田百分比的指示种。四、基于大型底栖无脊椎动物的河流营养盐浓度阈值研究——以西苕溪上游流域为例水体富营养化是一个全球性的问题,我国也面临严峻的水体富营养化威胁。但我国的水体富营养化研究集中在湖泊和水库,河流富营养化研究极少。本文依据大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构与营养盐之间的胁迫响应,运用非参数转变点分析方法计算西苕溪上游营养盐浓度的突变点。研究结果表明：总氮和总磷的突变点分别为1.409mg·L-1和0.033—0.035mg·L-1。参照点的总氮和总磷浓度基本都低于阈值,城市干扰点的总氮和总磷浓度都高于阈值,当总氮和总磷超过各自阈值时会导致大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构的严重退化。希望通过建立与水生生物群落结构有关的水体营养盐标准,充分发挥生物监测在水环境管理中的作用,如为水体中总氮和总磷的最大日负荷总量的计算提供科学数据等。更多还原

【Abstract】 1 The Advancement of Biotic Index of Water Quality Bioassessment Using Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages and Its Perspective in ChinaThe history of bioassessment of rivers is a good hundred years old, and the importance of bioassessment is recognized gradually. Among the biological communities, the macroinvertebrates are by far the most frequently used group for bioassessment in standard water management. This paper reviews the history and development of three principal bioassessment approaches--saprobic indices, biotic indices and scoring systems, diversity indices, and critically evaluates these three principal approaches. Comparing with the developed countries, the development of biomonitoring in China was far behind. Impediments to biomonitoring in our country include:the insufficient taxonomic literature, the tolerance values of benthic macroinvertebrates have not scientifically established, standard sampling tools and methods for benthic macroinvertebrates and bioassessment criteria of BI have not been established, besides these, people pay less attention to biomionitoring. EU member states, North America and Australia have already had their national river monitoring programmes, respectively. Lacking standard biotic index is the most important problem in China. Presently, the BI is extended to all kinds of water bodies (stream, river, lake and reservoir), which provides a good opportunity for popularizing BI. We suggested that it is urgent to conduct study on BI and its criteria in water quality biomontoring, and to set up a standard biomonitoring programmes based on BI eventually, giving full play to the importance of biological monitoring in water management.2 Community Structures of Macroinvertebrates and Bioassessment of Upstream Qinhuai RiverBenthic macroinvertebrates assemblages were collected from the upstream of the Qinhuai River in April,2009. A total of 63 macroinvertebrate taxa were found including 30 genera and 12 families of Insecta,19 species and 11 genera in 9 families of Mollusca,9 species and 7 genera in 2 families of Oligochaeta. Our study indicated that BI had a better discrimination than Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that BI corresponded strongly with TN (r=0.44, p<0.05) and NH4+(r=0.40, p<0.05), that Shannon-Wiener diversity index had no significant correlation with TN (r =-0.187, p=0.370) and NH4+(r=0.44, p=0.451). The results showed that the upper reaches of Qinhuai River suffered from severe pollution and the water quality of Nanjing area was worse than that of Jurong’s.3 Selection of indicator species of major environmental variables affecting macroinvertebrate communities in the Xitiao Stream, Zhejiang, ChinaThe land covers for 55 sampling sites were estimated at sub-basin, riparian-zone and local scales using 2003 satellite image and a Digital Elevation Model. By applying the redundancy analysis (RDA) the minimum variables combination-NH4+, canopy, conductivity, sub-scale cropland% and habit complexity which can significantly explain the macroinvertebrate communities were screened. The result of variance partitioning showed that NH4+was the most important variables affecting macroinvertebrate communities in the Xitiao Stream, and sub-scale cropland% was also another important factor. Under the species fit range between 50% and 100%, Cheumatopsyche sp.1 and Cheumatopsyche sp.2 were finally obtained, the abundance of Cheumatopsyche increased as the NH4+ and the sub-scale cropland% increased. The Cheumatopsyche has following advantages:widely distributed, could be easily collected, with moderately tolerance, actively drift, large body size with slower turnover rates and ecological plasticity, they exhibit to be excellent indicators for the NH4+and the sub-basin scale cropland% of disturbed sites in the Xitiao Stream.4 Research on the river nutrients threshold based on benthic macroinvertebrateassemblages:a case study in the upstream of the Xitiao Stream, Zhejiang, China Eutrophication has become a global problem and is one of the major environmental problems faced by China. At present, studies on the water eutrophication were mainly focused on lakes and reservoirs in China, whereas studies of river eutrophication were few. Based on the stress-response between macroinvertebrate assemblages and nutrients, we used nonparametric deviance reduction (change point analysis) to determine breakpoints in nutrient concentrations at which there was the most abrupt biotic response in the upstream watershed of the Xitiao Stream. The results indicated that the threshold was 1.409mg·L-1for TN and 0.033—0.035mg-·L-1for TP. The TN and TP concentrations of reference sites and city sewage polluted sites are lower and higher than the changepoints respectively. Nutrient concentrations higher than the thresholds may lead to the degradation of macroinvertebrates structures. We wish to set up nutrients criteria based on aquatic organisms, and give full play to the importance of biological monitoring in water management, for example, a total maximum daily load (TMDL) estimate.更多还原