【作者】 章洁莹；

【导师】 陈国灿；

【作者基本信息】 浙江师范大学 ， 历史学专门史， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 江浙地区的酒业发展历史悠久,拥有良好的基础,名酒众多。到了元代,江浙地区饮酒之风盛行,遍及官员、文人、平民、僧道各个阶层,且各有各的特色。饮酒之盛和前代良好的酒业基础共同推进了江浙地区酒业的发展。在生产方面,江浙地区的官营酿酒和民间酿酒俱十分发达。官营酿酒品质较高,酒坊较多。民间酿酒极为寻常,家庭酿酒已形成固定习俗。私营酒坊出现雇佣劳动。江浙地区所生产的酒类品种以粮食酒为主,同时葡萄的种植和葡萄酒的生产也有所发展。粮食酒生产则延续了前代的发展趋势,名品酒遍及江浙各地,形成区域特色。在生产技艺上,酿酒技术继承了前代的发展态势,达到较高水平,并且得到了总结和推广。烧酒技术于此时期得到推广运用。酒器的发展主要表现在盛酒器具上,瓷器生产技术的发展使得瓷制盛酒器更加精致,卵白釉和成熟的青花瓷等皆于此时出现,而其他材质的盛酒器亦有不同的发展。在流通方面,江浙地区酒的贸易形式主要有区内贸易、区间贸易和海外贸易三种。其中区内贸易和区间贸易比较发达,海外贸易虽有政府干涉但亦有所发展。参与贸易的酒类品种为葡萄酒和粮食酒。葡萄酒主要为引进,粮食酒则以出口较多,且多以曲、米等形式进行。酒作为生活必需品其销售规模极大,酒的零售机构也分官营和私营两类。江浙地区官营售酒机构形式多样,有集酿酒与售酒于一体的酒库,有只负责卖酒的酒肆和官营酒库分设的脚店等等,销售便利。私营售酒机构开设条件简单,遍及城乡各地,规模不一。作为售酒的主要场所,酒肆在城市与乡村显现出不同的风貌。城市酒肆设施齐全,装修较好,乡村酒肆虽要简陋许多,但准入门槛很低,数量众多,极大地满足了民众的需求。酒肆为招徕生意往往以酒妓佐酒、酒牌代钞、酒舫售酒等各种方式进行经营。酒的价格与供求关系、禁酒政策、酒税征收以及粮食价格等都有密切的关系。酒业管理政策主要有榷酤、散办、禁酒以及政府对私酒犯界酒的禁治等。江浙地区在元代前期主行榷酤,后在榷酤与散办之间几经变动并逐渐走向散办。禁酒是一种极端的酒业政策,在江浙地区则较少施行,保证了酒业的连贯发展。江浙地区的酒课征收主要由行省统领,实行各路逐级科敛的方式。与其他课程相比,总体课税数额较多,地区差异亦不同程度存在。除了一般的酒,驿站所生产的酒也属于酒业管理的范围。江浙地区驿站众多,驿站需要按规定标准造酒满足往来使臣的需求。酒业发达使其在江浙社会中地位突出,并对江浙行省的地方政治、地方经济和民间习俗都产生了很大的影响。在政治方面,官府宴酒、喝花酒的现象十分常见。酒亦成为朝廷笼络江浙官员和地方势力的手段。在经济方面,江浙地区文人燕集、民间酒宴盛行,反映出当时消费结构和消费方式的变化。酒利巨厚也使官商勾结的侵课现象时有发生。在民间习俗当中,酒业繁荣使得酒的社会地位上升,成为节日风俗的重要组成元素。酒在婚姻习俗中亦有重要表现,有烘托气氛和寓意吉祥的作用。在教化民俗的乡饮酒礼中酒扮演重要的礼仪角色,成为社会生活的一个组成部分。更多还原

【Abstract】 The industry of wine in the Jiangzhe area has a long history and a good foundation, there are many famous varieties in this area. Drinking in the Jiangzhe area was very popular in Yuan Dynasty, throughout every class. Such as officials, literator, civilian and monks, each has its own characteristics. Prevalent drinking and the good foundation from previous dynasties jointly promoted the development of wine industry in the Jiangzhe area.In production, the official wine production and folk wine production in the Jiangzhe area were all extremely developed. The official producting wine had higer quality. There were many official wineries in this area. Folk wine production was extremely unusual. Family wine production had been formed as a fixed custom. In Private wineries, wage labour relations were appeared. The Jiangzhe area produced wine mainly with cereals. Meanwhile, grape planting and grape wine production also develop further. Cereals production continued the trend of wine development from previous generation, famous wine throughout the Jiangzhe area. Regional features had formed. In production skills, production technology in Yuan Dynasty inherited the development trend from previous generation, reached a high level, been summarized and expend. Distillation is widely used in this period. Wine sets’development mainly displayed in wine vessels. The development of porcelain production technology made porcelain wine vessels more delicate. Egg-white glaze and mature blue and white porcelain were appeared in this period. Moreover, other material of wine vessels also had different development.In circulation, the main forms of wine trade in the Jiangzhe area were intra-region trade, regional trade and overseas trade. In this three kind of trade forms, the intra-region trade and regional trade were more developed. Although government interfered the overseas trade, it developed further. Grape wine and cereals were the mainly variety participate in trade. A large proportion of grape wine were imported. Cereals exported more, often with starter-making, rice and other forms. As a necessity for daily life, the sales scale of wine was large. Wine retail agencies also divided into official and private. The forms of wine sales in the Jiangzhe’s offical retail agency were diversity. There were wineries with production and sales, hotels only for sales, inns belong to offical wineries and so on. The wine sales was very convenient. The opening conditions of private wine retail agencies were simple. The hotels throughout urban and rural around, had different scale. As the main place to sell wine, Hotels in urban and rural had different features. Urban hotels had perfect facilities and better decoration. Although many rural inns were simple and crude, their admittance were very low, and the number of inns was huge, greatly satisfied people’s needs. In order to thrive in business, hotels and inns often in various ways to conduct business. Such as serviced by trulls, wine board substituted for bill, wine ship to sold wine, and so on. The price of wine had close relationship with supply and demand, the ban of wine, collection of wine taxation and cereals prices.The management policy of wine industry mainly included taxation and monopoly of wine, relaxation wine taxation, the ban of wine, the government ban on private wine and the wine overstep the boundary. Taxation and monopoly of wine was the mainly policy in Jiangzhe area in early period of Yuan Dynasty. Then there been several changes between taxation and monopoly of wine and relaxation wine taxation. After that the management policy of wine industry gradually tend to relaxation wine taxation. The ban of wine was a kind of extreme policy, less performed in Jiangzhe area, ensured the coherent development of wine industry. Wine taxation in Jiangzhe area mainly collected by the province government, with the way that governments at all levels collected and merged it. Compared with other taxes, the overall amount of wine taxation was larger. Regional differences were also existed in wine taxation. In addition to general wine, wine production by post also belong to the managing scope of wine industry. There were a lot of posts in Jiangzhe area. Post needed to produce the wine with established standards in order to satisfy the demand from come-and-go envoys.Because of the wine industry was developed, its had a high position in Jiangzhe area’s social life. The wine industry greatly influenced on local politics, local economy and folk custom. In politics, offical banquet and drinking with trulls were very common. The rulers also win Jiangzhe province officals and local forces over by wine. In economic terms, the scholar’s banquet and folk banquet were popular in Jiangzhe area. The phenomenon reflected the change of consumption structure and consumption patterns at that time. The things that businessman collude with Officals to intrusive wine taxation for wine profits were frequently occurred. In folk customs, wine industry prosperity carried the social status of wine forward. Wine had become a important element in festival custom, and marriage custom. It expressed festive atmosphere and symbolized good fortune in marriage custom. Wine also played an important role in township drinking ritual for enlightenment, became an integral part of the social life.更多还原