【作者】 向贻奋；

【导师】 刘恒； 杨慧玲；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 政治经济学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 新生代农民工是我国城市化和工业化进程的产物,是城市里的特殊群体。他们以非农收入作为主要来源,但是从户籍身份上看仍然是农民。新生代农民工对未来生活的追求以及自身的定位,使得这一庞大的群体必将在城市长期存在,但他们跟城市居民相比,在就业、社保、医疗、教育等方面处于弱势地位,权益难以得到保障,因此他们在为城市的经济发展作出巨大贡献的同时,也将给城市带来巨大的冲击,成为影响城市发展的隐患。随着我国经济结构的进一步调整,对新生代农民工的就业带来了巨大的影响,如何解决他们“找工难”,如何解决“民工荒”,成为社会重点关注的一个问题。2010年中央一号文件首次使用了“新生代农民工”的提法,要求“采取有针对性的措施,着力解决新生代农民工问题”。表达了中央对这一群体的高度重视。建立和完善新生代农民工的就业保障制度具有重大意义,有利于维护新生代农民工的权益,实现社会保障的公平性；有利于维护社会稳定；有利于加快农村经济发展、缩小城乡差距。本文在研究四川省新生代农民工的就业现状以及我国现有就业保障体系的基础上,提出了包括政府、企业、工会、新生代农民工四个维度在内,就业地和户籍地双向联动就业保障制度的构想,这个构想通过政府主导、法律保障、社会支持,确保新生代农民工无论是在就业地还是在户籍地,都能够被纳入就业保障体系之中,有效促进新生代农民工问题的解决。文章第一部分为导论,主要介绍本文研究的背景和研究目的及意义。首先,解决新生代农民工问题是科学发展观“以人为本”的内在要求,是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要内容,对全面建设小康社会有着极为重要的作用。而全面解决新生代农民工问题的关键,则是解决其就业问题。其次,分析新生代农民工就业和生存的现状,发现现行新生代农民工就业保障制度的缺陷和不足,探讨新生代农民工就业保障制度的发展方向,提出发展和完善新生代农民工就业保障制度的新思路,有利于进一步完善我国就业保障制度理论研究体系。文章第二部分对新生代农民工就业保障相关文献进行了综述。首先界定了相关概念的含义,指出了新老两代农民工的区别,与老一代农民工相比,新生代农民工对农村没有太多的认同感和归属感,他们更认同城市角色,对市民身份的认同远远超过对农民角色的认同；同时新生代农民工有着更高的平均消费倾向,尽管仍然以初中及以下文化程度为主,但他们的教育水平明显高于老一代农民工,对劳动权益有着更高的主观诉求。其次对国内外农民工就业保障文献进行了综述,梳理了国内有关新生代农民工的研究文献,回顾了二元经济理论、福利经济学、福利国家论、凯恩斯的有效需求论、马克思的就业保障理论,分析了英国、德国、印度、韩国、日本等国解决农民工问题的办法和措施,从中得到解决我国新生代农民工问题的有益启示：第一,提高社会生产力,增强国民经济水平,是促进解决新生代农民工就业问题的基础；第二,必须通过立法保护新生代农民工的劳动权益；第三,改革户籍制度,消除体制障碍,提供城乡一体化的就业保障,促进农村剩余劳动力的自由转移；第四,加强新生代农民工的教育和职业技术培训,提高他们的就业能力,有助于缩小他们和城市居民之间的差距,使他们可以逐步融入城市生活。文章第三部分分析了四川省新生代农民工就业现状及存在的问题和原因。通过问卷调查得知,新生代农民工主要从事建筑、餐饮和批发零售业,就业途径以熟人介绍为主,工作变动频繁；月平均可支配收入和月均消费金额都低于城镇居民平均水平；他们的居住条件较差,工作时间长,大部分人没有签订规范的合同,购买保险的比例低,加入工会组织的比例也很低,不懂得怎么维护自身的权益；生病时去正规医院看病的人少；对教育培训有较强的需求；业余生活简单、贫乏。存在的问题主要是政府职能不到位,企业参与新生代农民工就业保障的积极性不高,工会未能发挥应有作用,新生代农民工自身的认识不足、积极性不高。而二元经济结构下,我国城乡分割的户籍制度和就业保障制度,是造成新生代农民工就业保障制度缺失的根本原因,另外法律和主观认知因素是新生代农民工就业保障制度缺失的又一重要原因。同时指出,完善新生代农民工就业保障制度,是满足新生代农民工群体诉求的需要,是实现社会主义公平、提高全民整体素质、加快城市化进程、解决“三农”问题并进一步实现国民经济健康快速发展、实现社会稳定、建设和谐社会的需要。文章第四部分提出了建立健全新生代农民工就业保障制度的建议,在考虑新生代农民工户籍地和就业地相分离的基础上,针对其就业流动性高、向往城市生活的特征,建立起一套融合两地双向管理的保障制度。在完善制度环境、健全法律保护体系的基础上,以统一的新生代农民工就业保障卡和数据库为载体,充分发挥政府、企业、工会和新生代农民工四者的主观能动性。在这个保障制度下,就业保障卡随着新生代农民工的流动而流动,其管理和监督则由新生代农民工居住地的政府、工会实施。通过就业保障卡可以登录数据库对其就业保障信息进行维护、查询。在这种机制下,就业保障卡相当于一张可以自由流动的“虚拟户口”,里面存储着新生代农民工的就业保障信息,即使其真实户籍地并没有发生变化,但是他无论是在就业地还是在户籍地,就业保障部门都可以通过这个“虚拟户口”对其实施有效地管理。这样将政府、工会、企业和新生代农民工有机地统一起来,共同围绕新生代农民工就业保障制度发挥作用。第一,发挥政府的主导作用：建立城乡统一的劳动力市场,实行平等就业制度；完善劳动力市场体系和中介服务组织,规范劳动力市场主体的行为,加强劳动力市场信息化的建设；完善新生代农民工就业培训服务工作,提供多元化培训服务；发展乡镇企业,促进新生代农民工就近就业；促进新生代农民工回乡创业,以创业促进就业；完善新生代农民工工资和用工管理；完善新生代农民工职业安全制度；妥善解决新生代农民工住房和子女教育问题。第二,促进企业增强社会责任感,自觉履行社会责任,加大对新生代农民工人力资本的投资,并建立相应的沟通机制。第三,发挥工会的积极作用：采取双向机制吸纳新生代农民工加入工会,积极开展就业支持和维权服务。第四,新生代农民工要努力提升自己的就业能力：正确认识自我,树立正确的就业观；积极参与培训学习,增强自身素质；积极参加就业保障,提高维权意识。更多还原

【Abstract】 The new generation of migrant workers are product of the urbanized and industrialized process of our country, which is the special colony in the city. They regard non-agricultural income as the main source, but see and remain peasants from identity of the household register. This text surveys the new generation of migrant workers in Sichuan Province, and has announced the current situation and characteristics of their employment, Investigation shows that the new generation of migrant workers have problem of unemployment too, and have more severe unemployment than urbanite have. The new generation of migrant workers work unstably is the city, and the rate of unemployment is high. The new generation of migrant workers do not leave the city and not get back to the countryside after their unemployment like what people imagined, but held up in the edge of the city. Because there is no social security, life is quite difficult, Enormous existent pressure and the social discrimination, is extremely apt to cause the mistake of their thought and behavior, to produce the abominable social influence.Setting up and improving the employment security of the new generation of migrant workers has great meanings. To set up the new generation of migrant workers’employment security system, help to maintain the new generation of migrant workers’rights and interests, realize the fairness of the social security; Help to safeguard social stability and development; Help to quicken the development of rural economy and narrow the disparity in urban and rural areas.However, the business of building the employment security of the new generation of migrant workers seems unusually unconvincing. There is no rational, intact designing for security project and unemployment system of the new generation of migrant workers; there is no legally formed mandatory protection of the employment rights and interests for the new generation of migrant workers; The government has not played a leading role in the new generation of migrant workers’ employment security; The society pay less attention and support to unemployment of the new generation of migrant workers and their rights and interests; The new generation of migrant workers lack the enthusiasm for participating in social security. As regards its reasons, there are not only such objective reasons as household register system and unique social security system that isolates in urban and rural areas under long-term dual economic structure in our country, the new generation of migrant workers own way and characteristics of employment, the insufficiency of government finance, and the lacking theoretical research, but also subjective reasons such as what government, labor union, enterprise and the new generation of migrant workers themselves regard the social security.This text puts forward the preliminary idea for reconstructing the employment security of the new generation of migrant workers. Set up the operational mechanism of employment security that the enterprise, the new generation of migrant workers, labor union are complementary inter-dynamic under the leaking of government; Through defining its leading role, the government should play its leading role in the social security of the new generation of migrant workers; Strengthen the legal protection of the new generation of migrant workers’ employment security from such respects as legislating, enforcing the law, administration of justice, law aid and law propaganda.更多还原