【作者】 潘福霞；

【导师】 鲁剑巍；

【作者基本信息】 华中农业大学 ， 植物营养学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)属豆科黄芪属,是我国南方稻田传统的冬种绿肥。本研究采用田间试验与盆栽试验相结合的方法,研究了品种、播期、播量、根瘤菌拌种、施肥、水稻季施肥、遮阴、土壤含水量对紫云英生长的影响,了解不同种植方式下紫云英物质、养分积累量的差异,以期为紫云英的生产利用提供依据。主要研究结果如下：(1)不同品种紫云英在湖北省不同区域种植存在差异,不同品种在洪湖的单株分枝数、单株复叶数均高于黄陂,而株高、表观叶面积均低于黄陂。不同品种在同一地区的干物质量存在差异,洪湖以丰城青杆种最高,达1914 kg/hm2,黄陂以弋江种最高,达1864 kg/hm2。相同品种在不同生态区的产量也存在差异,大桥种、余江大叶种、丰城青杆种、粤肥2号的产量表现为洪湖高于黄陂,而其余品种则低于黄陂。洪湖丰城青杆种的碳、氮、钾积累量最高,弋江种的磷积累量最高,黄陂弋江种的各养分积累量均最高。洪湖地区应优选丰城青杆种或粤肥2号,黄陂地区优选弋江种或平湖种。(2)紫云英的密度、株高、单株复叶数、表观叶面积和单株重均随播期推迟而下降。鲜草产量随播期推迟显著降低,9月25日播种的鲜草产量最高,达31833kg/hm2,种子产量则以10月2日播种的最高,为227 kg/hm2。地上部N、P、K、Cu含量均随播期推迟呈下降趋势,10月30日之后播种处理的Fe、Mn含量则有上升趋势,而不同播期对Ca、Mg、Zn含量无影响。各养分积累量均随播期推迟而下降。研究表明,播期显著影响紫云英生长及物质养分积累,本试验条件下宜在9月下旬至10月上旬期间播种。(3)播种量能够影响紫云英的生长指标,随播种量增加,单株分枝数、单株复叶数、单株重均呈下降趋势。鲜草产量随播种量增加而增加,在播种量为7.5～30.0kg/hm2范围内增产幅度较大,继续增加播种量则增幅减小。播种量为15.0 kg/hm2时种子产量最高,若再增加播种量,种子产量降低。播种量对紫云英养分含量无影响,但各养分积累量均随播种量增加而增加。本试验条件下,紫云英的适宜播种量为30.0kg/hm2左右。(4)根瘤菌处理的紫云英各生长指标均优于不接种对照,鲜草产量较对照增加26.7～47.7%,种子产量较对照增加24.4-32.6%。根瘤菌拌种显著增加了紫云英氮含量,而对磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌含量无影响,拌种处理的各养分积累量显著高于对照。不同根瘤菌处理间差异较小,弋江种的适宜根瘤菌为菌E或菌D。(5)不同施肥处理均能增加紫云英鲜草产量,较不施肥处理增加40-145%。氮肥增产效果优于磷、钾肥。N、P2O5、K2O用量分别为112.5、45.0、45.0 kg/hm2时,紫云英产量最高,达20274 kg/hm2,此时C、N、P2O5、K2O积累量分别为981.0、54.4、12.8、58.7 kg/hm2(6)水稻季施肥处理的紫云英株高、单株复叶数、表观叶面积、单株分枝数、SPAD值均高于缺素处理。水稻季施用氮、磷、钾肥处理的紫云英鲜草产量分别较不施氮、磷、钾肥处理增加36.2～48.2%,10.8～43.2%,25.6～55.6%。本试验条件下,水稻季N、P2O5、K2O用量分别为142 kg/hm2、112 kg/hm2、81 kg/hm2时,后季紫云英地上部的鲜草产量及C、N、P2O5、K2O积累量最高,分别为13250和831、46.4、11.0、45.7 kg/hm2。(7)遮阴提高了紫云英出苗数,但幼苗死亡率则随遮阴度的增加而升高。生长前期,紫云英株高随遮阴度的增加而增加,而单株复叶数、表观叶面积、SPAD值均随遮阴度的增加而减小；随生育进程的推进,各指标在处理间的差异缩小。不同遮阴程度对3个品种鲜草产量产生明显影响,不遮阴和遮阴40%时弋江种产量最高,遮阴75%时浙紫5号的产量最高。植株碳含量随遮阴度增加有下降趋势,而氮、磷、钾含量呈上升趋势。不同遮阴条件下品种间的养分积累量也存在差异,不遮阴处理的碳、磷、钾积累量以弋江种最高,氮积累量以信阳种最高。遮阴40%的碳、磷、钾积累量最高的是浙紫5号,氮积累量最高的是弋江种,遮阴75%时各养分积累量均以浙紫5号最高。综合考虑鲜草产量和养分积累量,高产稻田套播紫云英应优选浙紫5号。(8)土壤质量含水量为30～40%时,紫云英的出苗率较高,且幼苗生长状况好。综上,洪湖地区紫云英的适宜品种为丰城青杆种或粤肥2号,黄陂地区为弋江种或平湖种；适宜播期为9月下旬至10月上旬；适宜播量为30 kg/hm2；弋江种的适宜根瘤菌为菌E或菌D; N、P2O5、K2O用量分别为112.5、45.0、45.0 kg/hm2时,紫云英产量及养分积累量最高；水稻季N、P2O5、K2O用量分别为142kg/hm2、112kg/hm2、81 kg/hm2时,后季紫云英的产量及养分积累量最高；信阳种不适宜稻底套播,高产稻田套播紫云英应优选浙紫5号；土壤质量含水量为30～40%时出苗率及幼苗生长较好。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) is the main winter green manures in paddy field of southern China. Pot experiments and field experiments were carried out to study the effect of varieties, sowing date, seeding quantity, rhizobium treatment, optimum fertilizer amount, residual effect of N, P, K fertilizer, shading and soil water content on the growth, yield and nutrients accumulation of Chinese milk vetch, hoping to provide theoretical basis for the production and utilization of Chinese milk vetch. The main results showed as follows:(1) The difference exist among the seven varieties of Chinese milk vetch in the two areas. The results showed that the branches and compound leaves per plant of the Chinese milk vetch in Honghu were higher than Huangpi’s, but the shoot height and apparent leaf area of Chinese milk vetch in Huangpi were higher than Honghu’s. The dry matter yield of different varieties in the same area were also discrepancy, the yield of Fengcheng were highest in Honghu, arrived at 1914 kg/hm2, and the yield of Yijiang were highest in Huangpi, arrived at 1864 kg/hm2. The dry matter yield of the same variety were different in two areas, the yield of Daqiao, Yujiang, Fengcheng and Yuefei in Honghu were higher than Huangpi’s, and others were lower than Huangpi’s. The nutrients contents of Chinese milk vetch were different in the two areas, N contents of Chinese milk vetch in Huangpi were higher than Honghu’s, but P, K contents in Honghu were higher than Huangpi’s. The C, N, K accumulation of Fengcheng were highest in Honghu, and the P accumulation of Yijiang were highest in Honghu, all the nutrients accumulations of Yijiang were highest in Huangpi. In conclusion, Fengcheng and Yuefei were the optimal variety in Honghu area, Yijiang and Pinghu were the optimal variety in Huangpi area.(2) The shoot height, compound leaves per plant, apparent leaf area, weight per plant decreased as the sowing date postponed. Fresh yield decreased prominently as the sowing date postponed, sowing date at 25th September could get the highest yield, reached to 31833 kg/ha. Sowing date at 2nd October could get the highest seed yield,227 kg/ha.N、P、K、Cu contents of the shoot decreased as the sowing date postponed, but Fe and Mn contents increased when the sowing date later than 30th October, while there was no difference among the treatments with the Ca、Mg、Zn contents. The nutrients accumulation decreased as the sowing date postponed. The study showed that sowing date had great effect on Chinese milk vetch, the last ten-days period of September and the first ten-days period of October was the best sowing date under this condition of experiment.(3) The branches per plant, compound leaves per plant, weight per plant decreased as the seeding quantity increased. Fresh yield increased as the seeding quantity increased. the difference significantly among the seeding quantity from 7.5 kg/hm2 to 30.0 kg/hm2. but no significant difference among the seeding quantity increased more than 30.0 kg/hm2. The seeding quantity with 15.0 kg/hm2 had the highest seed yield, and then seed yield decreased as the seeding quantity increased. There was no influence of seeding quantity on nutrient content, but all the nutrients accumulation increased significantly as the seeding quantity increased. The study showed that seeding quantity with 30.0 kg/hm2 was the best choice under this condition of experiment.(4) The growth index of Chinese milk vetch with rhizobium treatment were better than the control treatments without rhizobium, the fresh yield was increased 26.7-47.7% than control, and the seed yield was increased 24.4-32.6% than control. The N content was increased with the treatment of rhizobium, but the treatment with rhizobium had no influence to the P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn. The nutrients accumulation were higher than control’s. In this trial, the rhizobium D and E were optimal for the Chinese milk vetch of Yijiang.(5) The yield of Chinese milk vetch with the fertilizer treatments increased significantly, which increased 40-145% than no-fertilizer treatment. The N fertilizer had better yield-increasing effect than P, K fertilizer. When the N, P2O5, K2O fertilizer amount were 112.5,45.0,45.0 kg/hm2, the Chinese milk vetch got the highest yield with 20274 kg/hm2, and the C, N, P2O5, K2O accumulation were 981.0,54.4,12.8,58.7 kg/hm2 respectively.(6) The shoot height, branches per plant, compound leaves per plant, apparent leaf area and SPAD value of Chinese milk vetch applied with N, P, K fertilizer in the rice season were all better than treatments without N, P, K fertilizer. The Chinese milk vetch fresh yield of treatments with N, P, K fertilizer applied in the rice season were increased 36.2-48.2%,10.8-43.2%,25.6-55.6% than the treatments without N, P, K fertilizer respectively. In conclusion, the Chinese milk vetch got the highest yield and nutrient accumulation when N, P2O5, K2O fertilizer amount reached to 142.4 kg/hm2,112.5 kg/hm2 and 81.0 kg/hm2 in the rice season.(7) The survival seedlings under shading were more than no-shading, the seedling mortality increased as the shading degree increased. In the early growing stage, the shoot height increased as the shading degree increased, but compound leaves per plant, apparent leaf area and SPAD value decreased as the shading degree increased. As the growth period propelled, the difference among the treatments of the indexes diminished. The shading degree had significant influence on the yield of the three varieties, the yield of Yijiang were higher than other varieties under the no-shading and 40% shading condition, the yield of Zhezi were highest under the 75% shading condition. The content of carbon decreased as the shading degree increased, but the N, P, K contents increased as the shading degree increased. Shading also had influence on the nutrients accumulation of the three varieties, the C, P, K accumulation of Yijiang and the N accumulation of Xinyang were highest under the no-shading condition, the C, P, K accumulation of Zhezi and N accumulation of Yijiang were highest under the 40% shading condition, all the nutrients accumulation of Zhezi were highest under 75% shading condition. In conclusion, Zhezi was suitable interplant in the paddy.(8) The soil mass water content was between 30-40%, which beneficial to the seedling emergence and seedling growth.In conclusion, Fengcheng and Yuefei were the optimal variety in the Honghu area, Yijiang and Pinghu were the optimal variety in the Huangpi area. The last ten-days period of September and the first ten-days period of October was the best sowing date under this condition of experiment. The seeding quantity with 30.0 kg/hm2 was the best choice under this condition of experiment. The treatments with rhizobium D and E were the best. When the N, P2O5, K2O fertilizer amount were 112.5,45.0,45.0 kg/hm2, the Chinese milk vetch got the highest yield. The Chinese milk vetch got the highest yield and nutrient accumulation when N, P2O5, K2O fertilizer amount reached to 142.4 kg/hm2,112.5 kg/hm2 and 81.0 kg/hm2 in the rice season. Zhezi was suitable interplant in the paddy. The soil mass water content was between 30-40%, which beneficial to the seedling emergence and seedling growth.更多还原