协商民主的优势及限度

【作者】 邬宗明；

【导师】 庞正；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 法学理论， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 代议制民主是现代民主政治制度运行的典型方式,是自由主义民主理论在现实政治中主要实现形式。自由而非平等构成了代议制民主的基本价值取向。代议制民主的自由至上观念会导致个人权利的冲突和权利保护的式微、公民德性和公共善的失却以及公共领域的衰落。选举、代表、投票也存在内在缺陷。代表机制中存在“三个不相符合”,导致民主“初次失控”。投票机制中遭遇多数决定原则的逻辑困境与偏好聚合难题。选举机制会诱发民主偏离及不利后果。今天,代议制民主遇到的一大挑战和冲击是现代行政国家的兴起,它造成了一种“叠加缺陷”,导致了代议制民主的“双重失控”。协商民主,是人们对寻找代议制民主困境出路的一种回应。它是一种既能包容冲突又能化解冲突的民主形式和治理机制。协商民主有助于提升公民美德、增进公共善。协商民主以其自身理论特色和制度设计促进着公共空间和公共领域的繁荣发展。协商民主一方面主张通过参与、讨论机制加强公民自治,另一方面强调通过参与、讨论形成活跃、有力的社会弱公共领域实现对政治强公共领域的有效制约,进而实现人民主权。协商民主通过偏好转化超越了多数决原则的逻辑困境,使民主超越单纯“量”的形式,转向更多“质”的考量。协商民主补正了选举机制的缺陷。协商民主有助于形成一种新型公民-政府关系,主张通过非正式公共领域中的协商以制约行政权力。协商民主还具有限制有限理性、提高决策质量,增进决策合法性的优势。但协商民主也有其限度,表现为依赖于公民社会和公共领域的兴起,要求践行它的公民具有公民意识和相对平等的公民能力；协商过程中存在诱发性偏好与虚假认同,政治性纳入式内在排斥的潜在隐患；协商结果也蕴含着协商无效的可能。如果说协商民主开放出了民主理论的理想之花,代议制民主则为它提供了民主实践的现实土壤。缺乏协商的民主是易变质和异化的民主；离开了代议制,民主也将显得空泛而不切实际。实现二者的有机结合和优势互补,是我们完善民主理论、发展民主实践的科学态度和可取路径。更多还原

【Abstract】 Representative democracy is a typical type of modern democratic political system and the main implementation of Liberal democratic theory in real politics. It is freedom, but not equality that consists of basic values of representative democratic. The concept of "democracy -first" in representative democratic often results in the conflicts of individual rights and rights protection decline, additionally the loss of citizen morality and public goodness, as well as the decline of public sphere. There are weaknesses of election, representative and vote. The "three disagreements" in representative mechanism results in "the firstly out-of-control" Majority principle and Preferences are encountered in vote mechanism. Election mechanism may lead to democracy deviation and bad consequence. Now one of the challenges faced by representative democracy is the rise of modern administrative states, which results in the "double defects" and the "double out-of-control".Deliberative democracy is the response of people seeking the way of representative democracy. It is a kind of democratic form and mechanism which can solve conflicts and helpful to raise citizen mortality and improve public goodness. Deliberative democracy enhances the development and prosperity of public space and domain by its theoretical features and system design. On one hand, deliberative democracy advocates Citizens’ self-government by participation and discussion, on the other hand, it stresses that weak public domain contains strong public domain by participation and discussion, then realizes people’s rights. Deliberative democracy solves the adversity of majority principle by preference conversion, which surpasses the form of "quantity" and converts to "quality", which compensates the defects of election mechanism. Deliberative democracy is helpful to form a new type relation of citizen-government. It advocates to refrain administrative rights by consulting in public domain. Moreover, deliberative democracy has the advantage of limiting reasoning, improving decisive quality and enhancing legal decisions.However, deliberative democracy has its limitations. It relies on the rising citizen society and public domain, requires citizen awareness and citizen ability to implement it, in addition, in the process of consulting, preference and false agreements may appear and the possibility of invalid consulting results exists.If we say deliberative democracy is the ideal flower of democratic theory, representative democracy would offer reality soil for democratic implementation. Democracy without consultation is easy-deteriorating and dissimilating, without deliberative democracy, democracy is unpractical. Combination of the two kind of democracy is the practical way for us to perfect democratic theory and develop democratic practice.更多还原