【作者】 徐方；

【导师】 王瑞成；

【作者基本信息】 宁波大学 ， 专门史， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 学术界对于“丁戊奇荒”救荒活动的研究,主要试图回答两个基本问题,为什么“丁戊奇荒”中国家和社会都有动用了大量资源投入救灾,而且还有外部世界的资源及救灾模式的介入,仍然造成空前的人口死亡和巨大的社会破坏?这种状况又反映了中国近代救荒体制和中国近代社会怎样的变化?笔者认为要较为完整回答这两个问题就必须并尽可能避免学术界以往研究视角、视野单一的不足。因此,本文尝试跳出“灾荒史”的局限,不再限于灾荒和救灾,而是通过“丁戊奇荒”看干预灾荒的主体及其相互关系。从“丁戊奇荒”发生和干预主体的介入来看,晚清政府虽未放弃救灾的努力,但财政困难导致其丧失了在救荒中主导作用,华北士绅由于经济实力的下滑,在救灾工作中失去政府和民间的信任,新兴的干预主体——江南绅士和西方传教士——则处于对抗状态。因此,干预主体在介入“丁戊奇荒”时缺乏领导力量,而且互相间缺乏信任,形成了分头介入救灾工作的状况。从“丁戊奇荒”漫延和干预主体赈灾工作的开展来看,晚清政府荒政执行不力,且未能处理好与士绅的关系,丧失了领导其他干预主体的威信和信誉。传教士赈灾活动根本上不为晚清政府所接受,遭到官方和民间的双重抵制。义赈对传统赈灾模式有所突破,逐渐形成了成熟而独立的实践路径。因此,整个赈灾过程中干预主体的行动表现出各自为政的特征。从“丁戊奇荒”善后工作和干预主体提出的善后建议来看,干预主体开展的善后工作,提出的善后建议都依据各自遵循原则和利益诉求,干预主体善后工作的成效和不足,根本上基于他们各自在中国近代社会中的位置。总之,“丁戊奇荒”中干预主体在中国近代社会中的不同处境和实力变动,使他们难以在救灾的具体行动中相互信任、密切合作,在救灾活动中形成了分头介入和各自为政的局面,未能形成合力,这是造成救灾工作失败的重要原因。更多还原

【Abstract】 As to research activities of“Ding-Wu severe famine”, the academe has been trying to answer two basic questions. For one is, why it caused enormous unprecedented death and social disruption when on one hand countries and societies had spend a lot of resources into disaster relief and on the other hand the outside world resources and the involvement of relief pattern was applied? The other is, what this situation reflects the modern Chinese system and the Chinese Famine of how the changes in modern society? I believe that to be a more complete answer to these two questions must be avoided as much as possible before the academic research perspective, the lack of a single vision. Therefore, this paper attempts to escape from the limitations of the "famine history", but trying to see the main pare of intervention and the interactions between famines.From the perspective of“Ding-Wu severe famine”itself and the involvement of the main intervention, although national disaster relief efforts never stop, for the sake of financial difficulty it failed to maintain a leading role in process. Besides, North China gentry declined due to economic strength in the disaster relief work loss of national and people’s trust, the intervention of the main emerging - southern gentleman and the Western missionaries - are in a state of confrontation. Therefore, the intervention involved“Ding-Wu severe famine”lack of leadership and lack of trust among each other, in fact, formed a separately involved in disaster relief situation.From the point of spreading and the application of relief work, the implementation of the national Famine Policy is too weak and it also failed to properly handle the relationship between the gentry, still worse, a loss of co-operation of other intervention force the prestige and credibility. Missionaries and relief activities actually are not accepted by the Government for the late Qing dynasty, suffering a double official and private resistance. Relief Commission gradually developed into a mature and independent practice of the path, make a breakthrough in the traditional model of disaster relief. Therefore, the whole process of the intervention in disaster relief operations was forced to demonstrate the characteristics of fragmentation.From the remedial work, and intervention of the main recommendations made by the aftermath, who to interfere with the main pare to carry out rehabilitation work, how to form ideas of rehabilitation programs, their principles and interests to follow the demands of the main intervention in the aftermath of the effectiveness and inadequate, which are all based on their respective location of modern Chinese society. In short, the change of main part of famine in China’s modern society in a different situation and strength, making it so difficult for them to concrete action in the relief of mutual trust and close cooperation in disaster relief activities, as a result, fragmented intervention situation formed which is unable to form a joint force. They are important reasons of the failure of the relief progress.更多还原