【作者】 于卫平；

【导师】 马贝加；

【作者基本信息】 温州大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 “却”在先秦是一个具有多种语义的动词,到近代汉语语法化为一个功能繁复、意义多样的虚词,虚词“却”的总源头是“退、使退”义动词“却”。由于能够出现在“却+V”和“V+却”两种不同的句法格式中,导致其向副词和助词两个方向发展演变。汉魏时期“却”的副词功能开始萌芽,由“却+V”中的“却”发展演化而来。唐代副词词性明显呈现并发展出“频率副词”、“情状副词”、“范围副词”、“语气副词”、“承接副词”和“时间副词”六种主要功能,具有“再”、“又”、“还”、“仍”、“只”、“都”、“竟然”、“正”、“恰”、“确实”、“犹”、“尚”、“岂”、“难道”、“究竟”、“即”、“便”、“就”、“才”等十几种词义。功能已经相当复杂的副词“却”在近代汉语中并未停止其继续语法化的脚步,又进一步发展出具有“转折”、“让步”、“假设”和“选择”功能的连词性质。“却”的助词性质产生于“V+却”结构,初唐时开始呈现,唐宋时期发展迅速。其直接源头是“掉”义结果补语。早期的“却”在“V+却”结构中就可以看作趋向补语,先后表现为“退、使退”义、“去”义。由于其前V的次类变换和句法结构的发展,趋向补语“却”最终失去动词性质,虚化为“掉”义结果补语,结果补语产生之后,一直是虚词“却”的主要意义功能。趋向补语“却”和结果补语“却”的共同特征是具有[+离开原位]的性质,统称唯补词。结果补语“却”由于其前动词的继续扩展和心理预设的影响,再次发生语法化,演变成“了”义体助词。现实体助词“却”再次发生语法化,重新分析成表动作或状态持续的“着”义持续体助词,以及引进比较对象的介词,还可以在双音节词语“除却”中作构词语素。纵观“却”的语法化路径及其语法化因素,本论文共分四大部分:第一章:绪论,主要描述前人对“却”的研究状况,提出本课题的研究思路,简要阐述本文研究方法和语料选择。第二章:讨论副词“却”的产生及其功能意义的发展,并详细探讨各种语法意义以及发生语法化的各种因素,附论连词“却”的产生和发展。第三章:论述助词“却”的产生过程及其语法化的动因、机制,“却”用作比较介词的产生过程和机制,以及“却”作为构词语素构成的双音节介词“除却”的意义及其来源。第四章:总结“却”的发展及其动因,勾勒“却”的意义及发展线索简图。更多还原

【Abstract】 During Pre-Qin period“,que(却)”is a multi-meaning word. It has become a complicated、multi-meaning function word during the period of neoteric Chinese.“que(却)”has a total original which is the verb that means“tui、shitui(退、使退)”. The position of“que(却)”in the form of“que(却)+V”and“V+que(却)”led to it evolved an adverb and an auxiliary word.During Han and Wei dynasty, the adverb function of“que(却)”started to appear in the“que(却)+V”form.“que(却)”was a adverb clearly till Tang dynasty. It could be used as“frequency adverbs”、“manner adverbs”、“range adverbs”、“mood adverbs”、“conjunction adverbs”、“time adverbs”. It has more than ten kinds of meanings such as“za(i再)”、“you(又)”、“ha(i还)”、“reng(仍)”、“zhi(只)”、“dou(都)”、“jingran(竟然)”、“zheng(正)”、“qia(恰)”、“queshi(确实)”、“you(犹)”、“shang(尚)”、“qi”“nandao(岂)”、“nandao(难道)”、“jiujing(究竟)”、“ji(即)”、“bian(便)”、“jiu(就)”、“cai(才)”. The complicated adverb“que(却)”continued to grammaticalize in the neoteric Chinese. It developed the conjunctions with“disjunctive”、“concession”、“hypothesis”、“selection”.Auxiliary word“que(却)”engendered(developed) from the form“V+que(却)”. Appearing in early Tang dynasty, it developed rapidly during Tang and Song dynasty. The meaning“diao(掉)”of result complement was its direct origin.“que(却)”could be regarded as correlative directional complements in“V+que”in early period. Its meaning showed“tui、shitui(退、使退)”and“qu(去)”. Because of the sub-category variation of the former verbs and the development of syntax structures,“que(却)”used as correlative directional complement finally lost the verb function. It became the result complement which meant“diao(掉)”. And then, the meaning“diao(掉)”of the result complement was the main meaning and function of partical“que(却)”. correlative directional complement and result complement of“que(掉)”had the common feature [+to leave home position]. We call them only-complementary-word. Because the former verbs went on extending and the influence of psychological preinstall, the correlative directional complement“que(掉)”grammaticalized again. It became an auxiliary word which function indicated accomplishment and the meaning was“le(了)”. This kind of“que(掉)”grammaticalized once again. It could be re-analyzed a partical that its meaning was“zhe(着)”and which indicated actions continuing as well as posture continuing. And then it became a preposition which function was to introduce comparative items. And it also could be regarded as a word-formation moneme.Summing up the grammaticalization routes and factors of“que(掉)”, this thesis could be divided into four parts. The first chapter: prolegomenon. The author of this thesis mainly described the previous research review. We will put forward the train of thought of this issue, and set forth the study methods as well as language material selections. Second chapter: in this section, we will discuss the development、function and meaning of adverb“que(掉)”. We will probe all kinds of grammatical meaning and its factors of taking place grammaticalization in detail. Then we will talk about the generating and development of conjunction“que(却)”.Third chapter: we treatise the process of coming into being and its grammatical motivations、mechanisms of auxiliary word“que(掉)”, as well as the generation of comparative preposition. We also study the meanings and origins of double syllable preposition“chuqu(e除却)”that“qu(e却)”was used as word-formation moneme.Four chapter: summing up the development and the motivations of“que(却)”. we shall outline the meanings and development routes diagram of“que(却)”更多还原