【作者】 鲍薇；

【导师】 汪金兰；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 国际法学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 随着经济全球化进程的加快,全球生态环境保护进入了一个新的历史时期。生态环境保护问题成为一个全球共同关注的热点问题,其在国际政治经济生活中的重要性日益加重。因此,需要运用经济、行政和法律手段并以国际法的形式约束国际社会成员,采取共同行动,协调处理生态环境保护问题,以实现全球社会经济的可持续发展。环境保护与和平、发展都成为了当今世界主题的主要内容。我们有义务、有责任共同保护我们以及我们子孙的生存环境,清楚必须让人类可以享受不可再生资源带来的利益并防止其耗尽的危险。这就需要我们重新梳理我们的思维,在思考我们文明的进程之时,确立新的观念和行为规范。在生物多样性保护、水土资源保护、大气和气候保护、海洋环境保护、文化和自然遗产保护、自然资源的管理和养护、危险废弃物的越境转移和管理等方面进一步完善法治,以建立使人类的生产实践和生活方式与保护环境之间维持生态平衡协调发展的法律体系。可持续发展原则在国际环境法上的确立与发展经历了三个时期。可持续发展思想首次在1983年太平洋海豹仲裁案中提出,在第42届联合国大会上得到确认,其在国际环境法上正式确立的标志是1997年国际法院审理的盖巴斯科夫·拉基玛洛大坝一案①中所作的判决。可持续发展原则包含了“需要”及“限制”两个重要概念,其内容含括了四个核心要素,分别为代际公平、代内公平、可持续利用以及环境与发展一体化。另可持续发展原则在保护自然资源和人工资源中都具有显著的重要性。发达国家与发展中国家在对可持续发展原则上存在着明显的差异。发达国家由于经济发展水平较高,因次更重视在发展过程中对环境的保护,并对发展中国家提出同样的要求。而发展中国家基于自身经济和社会的实际情况,主张将发展和消除贫困放在第一位,认为消除贫困是持续发展必不可少的条件。而经过多次协商,发达国家与发展中国家最终就共同保护和改善全球环境方面达成了协调与统一认识。《联合国气候变化框架公约》开创了全球合作以应对气候变化带来不利影响问题的里程碑,该公约在一定程度上发展并完善了可持续发展原则,体现在公约中强调了可持续发展原则与共同但有区别的责任原则之间有不可分割的内在联系；《京都议定书》对于可持续发展也有一定程度的积极意义,它首次规定了控制温室气体排放的具体时间计划和步骤安排,并限制了特定国家的特定污染物的排放量,这属于人类历史上首次以国际法的形式对此作出具有法律约束力的规定,也是气候变化方面的国际立法进入了建设性的发展阶段的重大标志。多个国际环保公约对可持续发展原则的实施机制规定为“非强制性内部化实施程序”,此实施机制包括申诉制度、报告制度、环境信息的收集和交流、援助制度及处罚和补救措施。目前因为就整个国际社会而言,缺乏对各国履行条约义务的有效监控,甚至对各国是否具备履约的能力和条件并不是真正完全了解,国际社会成员就如何在国内法中具体、有效地实施这些环境条约所采取的措施是不可能同步的,而可持续发展原则对于完善我国环境立法有着重要的影响,需要从加强法律确立的制度和目标经济、技术可行性的分析；平衡几部环境法之间的相关法律规定；明确若干执法主体；完善行政法规及规章的制定以及填充许多重要的环境要素或环保工作领域存在的立法的空白等几个方面来进一步完善我国目前相关立法。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid pace of globalization, global ecological environment protection has step into a new period. Ecological environment protection has become a hot issue gain global concern. It also becomes more and more important in the international political and economic life. Therefore, economy, administration and the law are all taken into use as methods in the form of The International Law to restrain the international community members. Go hand in hand to coordinate the ecological environment protection to achieve global sustainable development of society and economy. Like peace and development, environmental protection also has become the main content of the world theme today. We all have the duty and responsibility to protect the world belongs to us and our offspring, and we have to clear one point that human beings can enjoy the benefits of non-renewable resources, but we should also prevent it from the depleted danger simultaneously. This needs us to rethink from a new point of view. We should take into consideration that in the process of our civilization, establishing of new concepts, dos and don’ts are necessary. Varied aspects like, protection of biological diversity, protection of water and soil resource, protection of atmosphere and climate, protection of marine environment, protection of cultural and natural heritage, management and maintenance of natural resource, transfer and management of cross-border waste, all these need further perfection and administration. The final aim is to maintain a ecological balanced and coordinated developmental legal system between human production practice, way of life and environment protection.The principle of sustainable development has a 3-period establishing and developing experience in the international environmental law field. It was first brought out in an arbitration about Pacific seals in 1983, and been affirmed in the 42nd U.N. General Assembly, then been affirmed officially in the international environmental law in 1997 when the International Court of Justice brought the famous dam case to trial. The principle of sustainable development including two important concept, requirement and restriction, and four more core elements, which are intergeneration equality, intergenerational equity, sustainable utilization and integration of environment and development. Moreover, the principle of sustainable development also act a key role in the protecting the natural resources and the artificial resources.The attitudes toward the principle of sustainable development between developing countries and developed countries are obviously distinct. Developed countries are more concerned with the environmental protection for their advanced economic level. They hope the developing countries to act in the same way as them. While from the view of developing countries’ economic and social situation, they believe development and poverty elimination are of more importance. Poverty elimination is also a necessary part of sustainable development too. And after many negotiations. The developed countries and the developing countries reached a coordination in protecting and improving the global environment jointly. UNFCCC pioneered in making global cooperation in response to detrimental problem raised by climate change. This more or less help improve the principles of sustainable development and reflect the principles of sustainable development is a differentiated joint responsibilities principle that have an inalienable internal relation. Kyoto Protocol also played an active role in the process of sustainable development. It first ruled the specific time planning and steps arrangement of the emission of greenhouse gasses and varied emission load level of specific pollutant of specific countries. To the human history this is the first time that the binding provisions are made in the form of an international law. Also contribute to the climate change legislation is stepping into international constructive development stages.Many International environmental conventions define the principle of sustainable development as no mandatory internal implementation program. This includes redress system、reporting system、Environmental information collection and communication、Aid system and penalties and remedial measures. At present, to the entire international community, lacking of effective monitoring to the performance of varied countries is a problem. Even whether the specific countries have the capability to keep the appointment are unknown. It’s impossible to carry out this principle in the same way in different countries by varied international community members. The principles of sustainable development also deeply influenced our country’s environmental legislation. Making analysis from the point of view of Strengthening the legal establishment and target economy, technical feasibility. Balance the regulations between several environmental laws, clarifying the subject who response for the law enforcement making modifications to administrative rules and regulations formulated filling the lack of environmental elements or environmental work blanks in legislation field to make a further improvement of the legislation work of our country.更多还原