【作者】 常爱连；

【导师】 娄成武；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 行政管理， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 新中国成立以来,我国已经经历了三次大的围填海高潮。第一次是建国初期的围海晒盐,其产生的环境问题主要是加速了岸滩的促淤;第二次是20世纪60年代中期到70年代的围填海农业用地,其产生的环境问题主要是使大面积的近岸滩涂消失;第三次是上世纪80年代中后期到90年代初的围填海养殖,其带来的生态环境问题更为突出,表现在水体富营养化严重。进入21世纪后,随着经济的迅速发展,土地资源日益紧缩,许多地方加快了向海洋要地的步伐,在我国掀起了新一轮的围填海高潮,主要用于工程用地、城市建设、交通用地等。虽然围填海使土地资源有所增加,带动了部分沿海地区经济的发展,但是,由于我国的围填海长期采用粗放型的围填方式,部分沿海地区过度开发,盲目围填,再加上缺乏对围填海工程的评估、监管以及规范化管理等,使得海洋生态环境和资源受到严重破坏,影响着海洋功能的发挥,给社会造成不可挽回的损失。鉴于这种情况,为了缓解围填海对海洋环境的不利影响,引导围填海走向科学、合理发展的道路,借鉴国外经验,我国出台了包括相关法律、法规、制度等在内的一系列政策措施,以避免围填海给海洋生态环境造成致命的打击,但是,在强大的利益诱惑下,这些政策并未取得理想的效果。本文在借鉴已有研究成果的基础上,对我国围填海的环境问题及政策进行分析。通过对我国围填海政策演变的系统梳理,发现海洋环境治理下,围填海政策在制定及执行过程中依然存在问题和不足。正是由于围填海政策自身的不完善以及政策执行不力等方面的原因,才使得一系列的围填海政策没有对围填海引发的环境问题发挥有效的作用。本文具体从围填海政策自身、围填海政策相关方以及围填海政策的执行环境三个方面对政策失效的原因进行了分析,并提出了相应的改进建议:首先,要想更好的规范围填海发展,单靠海域使用法或环境保护法里面相应的粗略规定是不够的,必须要加强围填海的专题研究,制定针对性强的措施,使围填海的发展有自己的细则可循,保证围填海政策的针对性,与此同时也提高围填海政策操作的可行性;其次,要重视围填海政策执行过程中多元主体的参与,重视地方政府对政策的贯彻落实情况,以及社会大众的配合,通过一系列措施来转变围填海利益相关方只求经济利益的单一价值观;再次,围填海政策的有效实施还依赖于良好的政策环境,为此,要进一步建立并完善相关体制机制,健全相关制度等等。此外,文章强调政策的预防性作用,认为一旦进入环境的损失赔偿阶段,相关环境保护政策的作用就微乎其微了,因此要通过政策体系的完善,尽可能预防围填海过程中海洋环境的严重恶化。文章通过查阅文献、数据统计与分析等方式,搜集并整理了大量的有关围填海的资料,为相关问题的论证提供了基础。通过本文的研究,期待能对围填海的规范化管理、合理化发展有所帮助,对缓解围填海的环境问题有所启发,从而为实现蓝色经济区的可持续发展、海洋资源的可持续利用以及为和谐海洋的构建提供借鉴意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the foundation of New China, there are three major reclamation climaxes. The first was for the salt production in the early days of Chinese fundation, its environmental problem was mainly accelerating the beach siltation; The second time was from the mid-60s to 70s of 20th century,reclamation for agricultural development and the main environmental problem was the disappearance of large areas of wetland; The third time was from the late 80s to early 90s of 20th century, reclamation for mariculturing.which brought much more serious environmental problems.After intering into the 21st century, with the rapid development of economic, land resources are increasingly tight, many areas accelerated the pace of asking land from the ocean,which causes another reclamation climax in China, the reclamation land in this period is mainly used for project building, urban construction, transportation development and so on. Although the reclamation could increase the land resources and promote the economic development in some coastal areas, but because of the unreasonable manner of reclamation in our country for a long time,some areas developed reclamation blindly, plus the lack of evaluation,supervision and standardization management to the reclamation projects, the marine environment and resources has been severely damaged,which not only affects the marine function, but also causes enormous damagement to the society.Given this situation, to resolve the reclamation environmental problem,and guide the reclamation development to a scientific and reasonable path, learning from the foreign experience, our country has introduced a series of policies,including the relevant laws, regulations and systems, in order to avoid the fatal destroy to the marine environment, but in the temptation of interests, these policies did not achieve the desired results. This paper, in the basis of existing research results ,trying to analyze the reclamation policies. when reorganizing the reclamation policies ,it is find that the problems during the process of policy formulation and implementation still exist.Because the reclamation policies’imperfections and the poor implementation of these policies and so on, a series of reclamation policies have not played an effective role to the environmental problems. The article analyzes the reasons of policy failure from three respects,including the policy itself,the policy stakeholders and the policy implementing environment,at the same time,proposing the corresponding recommendations for the reclamation’s rational development.First,it is believed that, in order to make the relevant policies of the reclamation to play an effective role, in order to better regulate the reclamation development, only The Sea Area Management Law and The Environmental Protection Law are not enough, we should strengthen the specialized research about the reclamation,in order to make the development of reclamation have its own rules to follow and ensure the feasibility of policy operations; Secondly,we should make the participants more mutiple,and pay attention to the local governments’implementation of these policies, as well as the general public’s co-ordination; Thirdly,the effective implementation of the reclamation policy also depends on good policy environment,so we should improve the relevant systems,mechanisms and so on. In addition, the article stresses the preventive effect of the policy. It is considered that once the environmental damages had happened, the effect of the environmental policies would be minimal, therefore,we should prevent the reclamation from damagement in the preventing stage,to avoid the serious deterioration.The paper collects a large amount of information related to reclamation by the way of literature review, statistics,analysis,and so on,which provides the basis for the elated argument. Through this study,we are looking forward to help the reclamation development much more reasonable. so as to provide reference to the sustainable development of the marine economic, the sustainable use of the marine resources and the harmonious marine construction.更多还原