晏阳初的乡村改造思想述论

【作者】 张燕；

【导师】 侯且岸；

【作者基本信息】 中共北京市委党校 ， 中共党史， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 近百年来,中国平民教育、乡村改造、村治、乡村建设、农村复兴、扫盲运动的各种呼声和行动,此起彼落,异常热闹。其中对此倾力倡导,认识最真切者,恐怕要属晏阳初先生。晏阳初,中华文化与西方民主科学思想相结合的一个产儿；一个留美学生,他能够关注农民和农村,发现中国农村最需要解决的关键性问题。这是难能可贵的。晏阳初带着在法国战场上与华工朝夕相处后的两大发现,回国推行平民教育运动。从最初的识字运动、平民教育到后来的乡村改造,为了探索一条用教育改造社会的道路,晏阳初离开大都市,走人乡村,与贫苦农民生活在一起。在不断实践和探索的基础上,他成功建立一个具有中国特色的新型教育模式。该模式以“除文盲,作新民”为宗旨；以“民为邦本,本固邦宁”为核心,以文艺、生计、卫生、公民四大教育为手段；以学校、社会、家庭三位一体连环进行和整体推行为特征,以提高大多数农民的智识力、生产力、强健力与团结力,造就一代“新民”为奋斗目标；以从根本上铲除“愚、穷、弱、私”四大劣根。在进行实验和探索的过程中,晏阳初认识到作新民才是平民教育的最高积极目标,只有进行人到改造,才能从根本上实现社会的改造,最终实现民族的再造。在乡村改造中,最值得重视的是脱贫与治愚的关系。因为“就人生存竞争来说：知识是生存竞争必不可少的东西,无论个人,无论国家,其优胜者,必定是知识超越的!其劣败者,必定是知识底下的。现在国家受异族的压迫,人民受军阀的摧残,其根本原因就在我国人民的平均知识低下。假使我们真有为民族争自由,为民权图发展的决心,则应先努力于提高民智,使我国牛马奴隶生活的民众一变而为有知识有头脑的国民。”任何社会改造的教育实践都离不开一种理论原则的指导,而理论的建设又必须以科学的实验为基础,同时实验必须有科学的方法论。反思理论、实践、实验三者之间的关系迫在眉睫。时至今日,我们迫切需要重新审视和研究晏阳初的乡村改造思想,从中真正探取精华和启示。本文通过对晏阳初乡村改造思想的研究,希望对今天我们正在进行的社会主义新农村建设提供启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the past 100 years, China’s mass education, the rural re-construction, village managing, country construction, rural reviv-al, literacy education; various voices and actions are flourishing and full of vitality. This bends force, which advocates under-standing the true, I admiring Mr. James Yen.James Yen, who is a combination of Chinese culture and Western democracy, scientific thoughts and a student in America. He can pay attention to farmers and rural areas. In China rural ar-eas, he found the most critical issues which to be resolved. This is commendable. After the experience of France war and compete with the Chinese, James Yen return to implemention of mass ed-ucation campaign.In order to explore a road which using education to transform the society, James Yen leave the city and entry into the country, living with the poor peasant. Based on the practice and explora-tion, he successfully established a new educational model with Chinese characteristics. The purpose of model is to get rid of illit-eracy and to be a New Citizen. The core of the model is that peo-ple are the basis of the nation and the solid basis lead to prosper-ous society. The means of the model are as follows: art, liveli-hood, health, and civic education. The feature is that School, community and family should cooperation. The goal is to improve famers’itellegence and united force. All these could eradicate four Inferiority of stupid, poor, weak and private. From the daily life, James Yen realized that mass education is the highest goal. Only the person transformation could lead to social transformation, and ultimately the nation’s reconstruction. In rural transformation, the most important realationshop is to get rid of poverty and to become rich. Knowledge is essential to the struggle for existence. The loser whose knowledge must poor and the winner’s knowledge must rich. Nowdays, our nation are op-pressed by other nation and our people are ruined by warlord. The reason is that the average level of knowledge of our people is low. If we really have the determination to fight for the liberity of our nation and civil right, we should improve the average level of konwledge. Transformation of educational practice in any society are inseparable from the guiding principles of a theory, and theory building and must be based on scientific experiments, but experi-ments must have a scientific methodology. Reflecting the relation-ship of the theory, practice, and experiment is imminent.Nowadays, we urgently need to re-examine and research the Dr James Yen’s rural reform ideas, which really take essence and enlightenment. This article aim to study the Yen rural reform ideas. I hope it will provide some enlightenment for the construc-tion of socialist new countryside.更多还原