【作者】 王晓洁；

【导师】 唐子恒；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 “拒绝语”是一种言语交际形式,是说话人用以表示对受话人的请求或要求、好意或恶意、建议或劝告、赠礼等的不接受、不答应所采取的言语表达形式。而“拒绝语”本质上是冲突性的,是对受话人“面子”的威胁,因此在实施拒绝的时候往往会选择比较含蓄委婉的表达方式,以期尽量降低对受话人“面子”的威胁和伤害,避免交际冲突,在最大程度上实现交际关系的和谐。因此,决定了说话人在实施拒绝的时候往往违背“合作原则”,说一些看似多余的话或者省略直接拒绝的话,又或者说一些无关的话,以期在更高的层面上遵守“合作原则”和“礼貌原则”。在对拒绝语进行结构划分时,因为“拒绝语”我们已经使用“语”的概念,这里不方便继续用“语”的概念来表示“拒绝语”中的某部分；而“阶段”往往表示一种时间性,但是从语用实例中我们可以发现,“拒绝语”中的三部分并不是按照固定的先后顺序一一呈现,而是根据说话人表达意图的变化而变化,故用“阶段”来划分拒绝语并不妥当。因此,我们在本文中提出了“项”的概念,作为“语”的下位概念。从而将拒绝语划分出拒绝中心项、拒绝起始项和拒绝辅助项三部分。《红楼梦》一书中含有丰富的拒绝语。本文对《红楼梦》中的拒绝语做了系统的整理并确立了划分标准；运用了词汇学、语法学、语义学等方面的语言理论,剖析了拒绝语的构成；同时借鉴了语用学、社会语言学等方面的理论,解释了拒绝语背后的会话含义。本文共分五章：第一章对拒绝语的研究现状和拒绝语的界定、结构划分,以及与拒绝语相关的研究文章、专著进行详尽地考察,力求实现对拒绝语界定的准确和结构划分的合适；同时,对《红楼梦》中拒绝语的研究进行了搜集和考察,并最终选定周汝昌先生汇校的《红楼梦》作为语料进行研究。第二章和第三章是对《红楼梦》拒绝语中的拒绝中心项进行研究。第二章主要侧重拒绝中心项为单句的情况,对拒绝中心项是陈述句、祈使句和疑问句三种情况进行了详细的统计和分析；第三章则侧重拒绝中心项为复句和多重复句的情况。第四章对《红楼梦》拒绝语中的拒绝起始项和拒绝辅助项进行了比较具体的研究,并归纳出拒绝语的常见表达形式。第五章从语用学角度对《红楼梦》拒绝语进行解释,着重于对《红楼梦》拒绝语进行“合作原则”和“礼貌原则”下的解释。拒绝语,是人类语言中应答语的一种特殊形式,每个人倾向使用的拒绝往往因为性格、修养、身份地位的不同而不同,而各民族的拒绝语表现形式典型地反应了一个民族的文化心理,是民族文化的沉淀。对拒绝语进行研究,对于更好地了解一个人甚至一个民族的性格和传统有着重要的意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Refusal" is a kind of interactive form of parole, which is a language expression that represents the receivers’rejection or disagreement to the speakers’requests, acquirements, goodwill, malice, suggestions, advices, gift-giving, and etc. Moreover, rejection is essentially contradictive, which will threat the face of the receivers, and therefore implicit expressions are usually adopted to applying the rejection, in order to reduce the threat or injury to receivers’ face, avoiding confliction of communication, and maximizing the harmony of the communication. Therefore, it determines that speakers usually violate the principle of cooperation while applying rejection, and say some seemingly redundant words or omit directly rejection words, or say some irrelevant words, in order to obey the principles of cooperation and politeness in a higher level.In the process of dividing the refusal, accordingly we having already applied the concept of speech to representing the refusal, it is not proper to continue to apply the concept of speech to representing the parts of refusal. Moreover, "stage" is used to representing time series, but in Pragmatics cases we may find that the three parts of refusal are not expressed according to a fixed order, but according to the intention of the speakers, therefore, using stages to divide rejection is not suitable. As a result, in this paper, we suggest a concept named item, as a subpart of speech, and eventually divide refusal into three parts that are central reject items, initial reject items, and auxiliary reject items.Stone Story contains abundant refusals. This paper systematically processes the refusal, and establishes a division criterion, using theories of Lexicology, Grammar, and Semantics to analyze the composition of refusal, and meanwhile, applying theories of Pragmatics and Social Linguistics to explaining the conversational implication of the refusal.This paper contains five chapters:chapter I reviews the current researches, the definitions, and the structure division of the refusal, and the relative papers and monograph of refusal in detail, keeping the accuracy of the definition and the reasonableness of the division of the refusal. Meanwhile, to collect and inspect the refusal of Stone Story, and finally choose the books edited by Zhou Ruchang as the research materials. ChapterⅡand chapterⅢstudy the central reject items in Stone Story. ChapterⅡfocuses on the situation that the central reject items are simple sentences, and counts and analyzes three cases that the central reject items are narrative sentences, imperative sentences, and interrogative sentences. ChapterⅢfocuses on the situation that the central reject items are compound sentences and multi-compound sentences. Chapter IV studies the reject initial items and reject auxiliary items of refusals of Stone Story, and summaries the common expression of refusal. Chapter V explains the refusal of Stone Story with the perspective of Pragmatics, especially explaining the refusal of Stone Story in the principles of cooperation and politeness.The refusal is a special form of response of human language, which people are inclined to use varies with their different personalities, cultivation and status. And the representation of refusal of each races typically reflect the cultural psychology, and sedimentation of the racial culture. The researches of refusal play an important role to better understand the character and tradition of a person and, to some extent, a race.更多还原