【作者】 李连鹏；

【导师】 罗盛国；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 植物营养学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 采用小区试验方法,设置3个优化施肥处理(OPTs,施氮量均为60 kg/hm~2,OPT1种肥和拔节期追肥比例为1 : 2;OPT2种肥、返青和拔节期追肥比例为1 : 1 : 1;OPT3种肥和拔节期追肥比例为3 : 2),以习惯施肥(CK,施氮量105 kg/hm~2,种肥和返青期追肥比例为1 : 2)为对照,研究氮肥管理对寒地冬小麦群体质量、干物质积累规律、氮磷钾吸收积累规律和产量的影响。主要结果如下:与CK相比,OPTs处理在氮肥用量减少38.1%的条件下,茎蘖成穗率提高了11.6%-14.0%,达到了59.7%(P<0.01);最大叶面积指数出现在抽穗期,为2.83;同时,OPTs显著提高了粒叶比,抽穗期粒叶比与冬小麦产量呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),茎蘖成穗率与产量、粒重都呈极显著的线性正相关关系(P<0.01)。OPT1显著增加了生物产量,达到了9.28 t/hm~2。干物质积累速率最快的时期为拔节～抽穗期。OPTs显著提高了抽穗后干物质积累量,极显著提高了穗的干重,并且显著提高穗部干重占总干重的比例,显著提高了小麦的收获指数。试验显示,拔节前干物质积累量与小麦产量呈极显著的二次曲线关系,而抽穗后干物质积累量与产量呈极显著的正相关关系。冬小麦生育前期叶片的氮素含量最高,后期籽粒氮素含量最高,籽粒中的含氮量与总施氮量没有相关性。但是OPTs可以提高籽粒中的含氮量。氮素积累量最大的时期是成熟期,氮素的吸收高峰在拔节期至抽穗期。在成熟期,穗积累的氮占总积累的80%以上。OPT1显著提高寒地冬麦抽穗后吸氮量和穗中氮的分配比例,拔节期追肥可以显著提高拔节后的吸收速率,促进氮运转。拔节前吸氮量与产量呈极显著的二次曲线关系,抽穗后吸氮量与产量呈极显著的正线性相关关系。冬小麦各时期各器官磷积累规律与氮素相同。磷的吸收高峰持续时间长,为拔节期至成熟期。在成熟期,穗中磷所占的比例在88%以上。OPT1显著提高了寒地冬麦抽穗后吸磷量、增加磷在穗中的分配比例和营养器官磷转运量,拔节期追施N肥可以显著提高磷的吸收速率。整个生育期都是茎的钾含量最高,钾素积累量最大的时期是抽穗期。在成熟期,穗中钾所占的分配比例相对于氮、磷较低,在25%左右。OPT1显著提高了寒地冬小麦抽穗前吸钾量。OPT1产量为5.14 t/hm~2,比习惯施肥提高37.6%(P<0.01);穗数达到了400×104/hm~2以上,提高了15.5%(P<0.05);千粒重达到了35g,提高了17.5%(P<0.01)。OPT1氮肥偏生产力提高了140.7%(P<0.01);增加了收获指数和氮素收获指数,是较好的氮肥管理方式。更多还原

【Abstract】 A plot experiment was designed with three optimization fertilization treatments(OPTs) and a farmer’s fertilization practice to study the effects of N managemengt on population quality,dry matter accumulation,NPK uptake patterns and yield of winter wheat in cold erea. The main results are as follows:Compared with CK, OPTs reduced the total N application rate by 38.1%. OPT1 significantly increased earbearing tiller rate( reached 59.7%);maximum LAI appeared at heading stage, reached 2.55;significantly increased grain to leaf area ratio,which was positively correlated with yield (P<0.01);earbearing tiller rate was positively correlated with grain weight (P<0.01) and yield (P<0.01).OPT1 significantly increased biomass of winter wheat,upto 9.28 t/hm2. The fastest period of dry matter accumulation rate was from jointing stage to heading. OPTs significantly increased dry matter accumulation after heading,significantly increased the dry weight of the panicle,and significantly improved the distribution ratio in panicle, and harvest index. Dry matter accumulation before jointing stage was positively significant conic with yield, and dry matter accumulation after heading was positively correlated with yield.N content in leaf is the highest at early growth stage of winter wheat,and the highest was in grain at late growth stage. N content in grains is not associated with N application rates. But OPTs could significantly increase N content in grains. At maturity,N accumulation achieved peak value. The fastest period for N accumulation was from jointing stage to heading. At maturity,the distribution proportion accounts for more than 80% in panicle. OPT1 significantly increased N accumulation after heading, and increased the distribution proportion of N in panicle.The N uptake rate and translocation after jointing cohld be significantly increased through topdressing N fertilizer at jointing stage.Through topdressing N fertilizer at jointing stage,to promote N translocation. N accumulation before jointing stage was positively significant conic with yield, and N accumulation after heading stage was positively correlated with yield.P accumulation pattern is the same with N in different periods and organs. At maturity,P accumulation achieved peak value. From jointing stage to mature is absorb peak. At maturity,the distribution proportion accounts for more than 88% in panicle.OPT1 significantly increased P accumulation after heading, increased the distribution proportion of P in panicle and increased translocation amount of vegetative organs. P uptake rate after jointing cohld be significantly increased through topdressing N fertilizer at jointing stageK content in stem is the highest in the whole growth period. At heading stage,K accumulation achieved peak value. At maturity, the distribution proportion accounts for 25% in panicle, lower than N and P. OPT1 significantly increased K accumulation.Compared with the CK, the yield of OPT1 increased by 37.6 %(P<0.01), reached 5.14 t/hm~2; panicle number increased by 15.5%(P<0.05), reached 400×10~4/hm~2; 1000-grain weight increased by 17.5%(P<0.01), reached 35g; PFP increased by 140.7%(P<0.01); harvest index and N harvest index were inproved as well.更多还原