【作者】 张静晓；

【导师】 郭夏丽；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 环境科学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 随着食用菌需求量的增加,食用菌菌渣的数量也在不断的增加。大量的食用菌菌渣随意丢弃造成了环境污染和资源浪费。以食用菌菌渣生产有机肥既可实现菌渣的资源化利用同时又可避免环境污染。本研究选用食用菌菌渣和牛粪进行好氧堆肥试验,通过考察堆肥周期中各种氮素含量、与氮素转化相关微生物的数量及一些酶活性的变化,来研究食用菌菌渣与牛粪的不同比例及腐熟堆肥和外源固态菌剂的添加对堆肥过程中氮素转化的影响。主要结论如下：1.食用菌渣与牛粪比例分别为2：1、1：1和1：2的三个堆肥处理的温度在55℃以上的天数分别是6d、8d和10d,添加腐熟堆肥和纤维素降解菌剂的两个堆肥处理的温度在55℃以上的天数均为8d。5个堆肥处理均达到了无害化标准。食用菌渣与适量牛粪的混合有助于菌渣堆肥的升温,腐熟堆肥和纤维素降解菌剂的添加有助于菌渣堆肥高温期的延长及温度峰值的增加。且5个堆肥处理的pH也符合腐熟堆肥标准。2.随着堆肥的进行,各处理中铵态氮含量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,而硝态氮含量的变化趋势与之相反。堆肥中氮素的主要存在形式是有机氮,有机氮变化与总氮变化趋势大致相同。在堆肥结束时,处理1和2的总氮含量低于初始,而添加外源菌剂的处理4和5则高于初始,因此添加腐熟堆肥和纤维素降解菌剂能够减少菌渣堆肥的氮素损失,增加堆肥的有机氮含量,具有氮素的固持作用,从而总氮含量高于其它处理。3.堆肥氮素转化微生物中数量最多的是氨化菌。在处理1、4和5中,氨化菌的数量随堆肥周期先增加后减少,与铵态氮变化趋势相同,表明氨化菌是铵态氮的主要产生者。堆肥中亚硝化菌和硝化菌数量总的趋势是随堆肥周期不断地增加,尤其在降温期后呈现大幅度增长：反硝化菌数量变化趋势与硝化菌类似。在硝化菌与反硝化菌的综合作用下硝态氮略有上升。固氮菌的数量在堆肥结束时略低于堆肥初始时,但数量始终高于硝化菌和反硝化菌。另外,堆肥中数量最多的微生物类群是细菌,其次是放线菌,最后是真菌。50℃培养的微生物数量低于30。C培养的微生物数量。堆肥高温期,3个处理的纤维素酶活均下降,在降温期有所回升,在21天时,外加纤维素降解菌的处理5的纤维素酶活最高。而各个处理中的蛋白酶和脲酶的活性在高温期迅速下降,此后则处于稳定状态。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the increasing requirement of edible mushrooms, the amount of spent mushroom dreg has a significant rise. A mass of spent mushroom dreg littered could not only cause serious environmental pollution, but also lead to a waste of resources. Aerobic composting is an important way to transform spent mushroom dreg to high quality organic fertilizer. This paper focused on aerobic composting using different ratios of edible fungi dreg to cow dung and its nitrogen transforming by measuring the contents of various nitrogen form, the number of nitrogen transformation microbes and the activity of some enzymes. This paper also investigated the nitrogen protection of compostng by adding matured compost and mixed microbial incoculant. The main conclusions are as follows:1. The ratio of mushroom dreg to cow dung (by weight) in 3 compost treatments were 2:1,1:1 and 1:2. respectively. Another 2 compost treatments with 2:1 of mushroom dreg/cow dung ratio were added with matured compost and composite cellulose-degrading microbe, respectively. The duration of thermophilic phase (> 55℃) were 6 days in the treatment of mushroom dreg/cow dung ratio 2:1,8 days in the treatment of 1:1 and 10 days in the treatment of 1:2. The results showed that the appropriate amount of cattle dung mixed was benefit to temperature rising of spent mushroom dreg compost. At the same time, the high temperature period was prolonged to 8 days in the treatments with matured compost and composite cellulose-degrading microbe. The pH of all 5 treatments also fit to the matured compost standards. The results demonstrated that the 5 treaments had been composted successfully.2. With the process of composting, the amount of NH4-N of all treatments increased firstly and then decreased, while the trend of NO3-N content was opposite. The main form of nitrogen was organic nitrogen, which had a similar trend as total nitrogen. At the end of composting, total nitrogen content in the treatments with additive increased compared to that in the treatment without additive. It implied that the matured compost and composite cellulose-degrading microbe added could reduce nitrogen loss in mushroom dreg composting.3. Ammonifier was dominant in nitrogen transformation microbes in the compost. In the 3 treatments, the number of ammonifiers increased greatly firstly and then declined gradually. However, the amount of nitrifying bacteria and nitrite bacteria increased in cooling stage and in maturation stage. The number of denitrifying bacteria also increased in the same stage of composting. The number of azotobacter was more than the amount of nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria during composting. At the end of composting, the number of azotobacter was slightly less than that at the beginning of composting. In addition, the number comparision of various kinds of microbe in composting was bacteria>actinomycetes>fungi. The activity of cellulose enzyme in 3 composts declined in thermophilic phase and subsequently increased in cooling phase. The activity of cellulose enzyme in the treatment added composite cellulose-degrading microbe was maximum on 21th day. It suggested that cellulose-degrading microbe added started to play a role in the matured stage of compost. The enzyme activities of protease and urease droped rapidly in thermophilic phase and were steady in cooling phase and in matured phase.更多还原