德宏傣族景颇族自治州耕地与基本农田保护研究

【作者】 张为杰；

【导师】 杨子生；

【作者基本信息】 云南财经大学 ， 土地资源管理， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 一定数量的耕地是粮食安全的基础,也是保障国家政治安全、社会安全、经济安全和生态安全的重要基础。德宏傣族景颇族自治州是边疆山区少数民族地区,随着该州经济社会快速发展,人口数量不断上升,建设占用耕地不断增加,生态退耕和灾毁耕地的不断增多,人均耕地面积不断减少,加上德宏州耕地总体质量不高,水土流失严重,耕地投入产出率低,Ⅱ、Ⅲ等宜耕面积比重大等,德宏州人地矛盾突出,耕地保护形势严峻。本文首先对德宏傣族景颇族自治州耕地资源现状及耕地动态变化进行系统分析,并对引起德宏州耕地动态变化的驱动力进行了分析;同时通过对德宏州耕地压力指数分析,归纳总结了德宏州耕地和基本农田利用中存在问题;并分析了德宏州耕地保护面临的挑战;并以此为基础,结合德宏州特殊地域特点,论述了加强该州耕地保护的综合效益,突出了德宏傣族景颇族自治州耕地资源保护重要性、必要性和迫切性;最后提出德宏州从数量和质量耕地保护的具体措施。通过研究,取得结论如下:1、耕地数量不断减少,人地矛盾突出。1996-2008年间,德宏州耕地处于不断减少的状态,共减少耕地面积5468.92公顷,年均减少455.74公顷;人均耕地面积减少0.0395公顷(0.59亩),减幅达1.65%。而通过对1996-2005年间德宏州耕地压力指数分析,1998年后,德宏州耕地的压力指数一直大于1,2003年更是达到1.4633,人地矛盾突出。2、耕地质量不高,自然灾害频发。通过研究发现,德宏州化肥施用量增长率高于粮食产出率,耕地产出效益比较低;其次,坡耕地面积比重大,据2009年全国统一时点更新数据统计,2009年德宏州耕地资源中坡耕地(>2°的耕地)112693.33公顷,占全州耕地面积的61.11%,其中2°~ 6°平坡耕地27293.33公顷,占14.80%,6°~ 15°缓坡耕地44480.00公顷,占24.12 %,15°~ 25°中坡耕地37793.33公顷,占20.49%,>25°陡坡耕地3126.67公顷,占1.70%,Ⅱ、Ⅲ等宜耕面积比重大。耕地总体质量不高且自然灾害频发。3、水土流失严重;大量化肥、农药使用,耕地肥力下降,生态环境受到影响。德宏州水土流失严重,造成大量土壤养分流失量;1996-2005年间,全州化肥施、农药施用量分别增加18148吨和504吨,而耕地未增加反而减少了5739.4公顷。化肥施用量和农药施用量的过量增加,大量氮磷钾化学营养元素及农药化学成分首先造成对耕地的污染,随后随地表径流冲刷进入地表水,将加剧水体富营养化,增加水体污染治理的难度。4、德宏州耕地保护面临严峻挑战。未来一段时期内,人口将继续增加,建设占用优质耕地,生态屏障建设等将给德宏州耕地保护造成严峻考验。5、德宏州耕地保护效益明显。德宏州边疆山区少数民族地区的区位特征决定了加强耕地保护将带来巨大的综合效益,包括社会效益、生态效益、经济效益和政治效益。应因地制宜加强耕地与基本农田保护。6、本文最后根据德宏州土地利用现状、耕地利用中存在的主要问题、耕地保护的效益和耕地的属性,有针对性地提出了从耕地的数量和质量两方面加强耕地和基本农田保护的措施和建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Certain amount of land protection is the basis of food security, which is also the important foundation of national political security, social security, economic security and ecological security. Dehong Di and Jingpo Prefecture is the border mountainous ethnic group region, with the rapid economic and social development of the state, population of the state is increasing continuously, construction is occupying more and more farmland, the area of ecological land restoration and land destroyed by disasters is increasing incessantly as well, which resulted in the unceasing decline of personal average arable land. In addition, the overall quality of arable land in Dehong Prefecture is not so high, serious soil erosion with low input and output rate and classⅡandⅢarable lands are of significant proportion in the total arable land area. The conflicts between land and people are quite significant in Dehong Prefecture and the situation of arable land protection is quite grim.First, this article made the systematic analysis on the current situation of farmland resources in Dehong Prefecture and the dynamic chmnge of farmland; moreover, factors thmt caused the dynamic chmnge of farmland in Dehong Prefecture were analyzed as well. Through farmland pressure index analysis of Dehong Prefecture, the general existing problems of farmland utilization in Dehong Prefecture were summarized, at the meanwhile, the facing chmllenges of farmland protection in Dehong Prefecture was analyzed as well. Based on the analysis above and the special regional chmracteristic of Dehong Prefecture, the synthetic benefits of strengthening farmland protection in the state was discussed, which highlighted the necessity and urgency of performing farmland resources protection in Dehong Prefecture. Finally, specific measures of performing farmland protection in Dehong Prefecture were given from the aspects of quantity, quality, time and space.Following conclusions are gained through researching:1. There were significant conflicts between land and people with the decreasing of farmland. During the year between 1996 and 2008, the farmland in Dehong Prefecture hmd been in the trend of decreasing with a totally area of 5468.92 hm. Farmland were reduced, the annual reduction quantity were 455.74 hm. The average personal reduction of farmland was 0.0395 hm. (0.59 acres), whose reduction scale was 1.65%. Through farmland pressure index analysis of Dehong Prefecture, after the year of 1998, farmland pressure index of Dehong Prefecture hmd been above 1, which even appeared to be 1.4633 in 2003, conflicts between land and people were so significant.2. Poor land quality with frequent natural disasters. It was discovered from research thmt the increasing rate of fertilizer application was higher thmn the food yield rate in Dehong Prefecture, yielding benefits of farmland was still relatively low; Secondly, the slope land was of large proportion in the general of farmland, it was shown in the Second Land Investigation Data of Yunnan Province thmt, in 2008, among the farmland resources of Dehong Prefecture, the slope land (slope > 2°) covered an area of 112,715.46 hm., which occupied the proportion of 61.11% in the total state farmland area; 2°~ 6°flat slope farmland covered an area of 27293.60 hm., which accounted for 14.80%; 6°~ 15°gentle slope farmland covered an area of 44477.28 hm., which accounted for 24.12%; 15°~ 25°intermediate slope farmland covered an area of 37791.01 hm., which accounted for 20.49%; the steep farmland covered an area of 3153.57 hm., which accounted for 1.71%; classⅡandⅢarable lands were of major proportion as well. The overall quality of farmland was not high with frequent natural disasters.3. Serious soil erosion; large quantity application of fertilizers and pesticide led to the decline of farmland fertility and influence to the ecological environment. There was serious soil erosion in Dehong Prefecture, which resulted in heavy losses of soil nutrients; between the year 1996 and 2005, the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticide increased 18,148 tons and 504 tons respectively, in contrast, the quantity of farmland reduced an area of 5739.4 hm. The overweight application increasing of chemical fertilizers and pesticides resulted in the farmland pollution by large quantity of NPK chemical nutrient elements and the gradients of chemical pesticides. Subsequently, these elements and gradients were washed into the land surface water by surface runoff, which aggravated the water eutrophication and increased the difficulties of water pollution control.4.Farmland protection of Dehong Prefecture is facing rigid chmllenges. In the coming period, population will continue to increase; construction will occupy high-quality arable land together with the construction of ecological barrier etc., which result in baptism for the farmland protection of Dehong Prefecture.5. There are obvious benefits for the farmland protection of Dehong Prefecture. The location feature of Dehong Prefecture border mountain minority region determine thmt the enhmncement of farmland protection will bring great comprehensive benefits, including social benefits, ecological benefits, economic benefits and political benefits. Accordingly, the protection of farmland and basic cultivation land shmll be enhmnced under adaptable conditions.6. Finally, targeted measures and recommendations were given to enhmnce the protection of farmland and basic cultivation land from the aspects of quantity, quality according to the current land utilization situation of Dehong Prefecture, major existing problems during the farmland utilization as well as farmland protection benefits and farmland properties.更多还原