【作者】 何艳庆；

【导师】 李国俊；

【作者基本信息】 东北石油大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 追求自由是人的特性,获得自由是人类全部活动的最高目的。人类在追求自由的过程中,形成了形形色色的自由思想和理论体系。马克思主义哲学和俄罗斯宗教哲学关于自由的思想,就是其中的瑰丽奇葩。本文通过对古希腊罗马、中世纪神学、文艺复兴、西方资产阶级革命时期(近代哲学)自由观念的考察和梳理,简述各时期自由思想的基本内容及影响,为阐释马克思主义哲学、俄罗斯宗教哲学自由观的源流、内容及特点提供了广阔视野。马克思主义哲学认为,自由是自然界、社会和历史的客观必然性与人的主观能动性的统一。自由的内在属性,是自然、社会和人自身的统一,是主客观因素和客观条件的统一,是真、善、美的统一。马克思主义哲学指出,自由不能脱离人类社会实践的活动,自由是在实践基础上实现的主体与客体的完整统一,实现了自由概念的历史性变革。俄罗斯宗教哲学是一种独特的哲学形态,是东西方(欧亚)文明相冲突的产物。通过着重分析俄罗斯宗教哲学的代表人物别尔嘉耶夫的自由思想,展开论述其关于“自由”根源于虚无、先于世界,自由是人的本质,自由是人的义务,三种自由的命运等思想,突出俄罗斯宗教哲学“自由”的本体论地位和精神自由的意义。通过比较分析,马克思主义哲学与俄罗斯宗教哲学均承认精神的超越性并对理性主义进行批判;二者的主要分歧在于:俄罗斯宗教哲学的自由观以精神自由为基础,而马克思主义哲学自由观以实践自由为基础。由于二者自由观立足点不同,加之苏联时期的马克思主义哲学(即苏联哲学)被意识形态化、被政治“绑架”而失去哲学的本性,宗教传统在俄罗斯民族性格和社会文化中的根深蒂固,且俄罗斯民族精神“非此即彼”的两极性,使得苏联哲学未有效解决现实问题时,被俄罗斯知识分子(包括曾作为马克思主义者的宗教哲学家)冷漠疏离与无情抛弃,在苏联解体的政治动荡中“曲终人散”,至此马克思主义哲学在俄罗斯走下“圣坛”,失去官方哲学地位,成为一支哲学流派。更多还原

【Abstract】 Pursuiting freedom is the person’s characteristics,obtaining freedom is the highest purpose of the entire human activities.Human formed all kinds of free thoughts and theory systems in the process of pursuing freedom.Freedom thoughts of Marxist philosophy and Russian religious philosophy is one of the curious flowers.By investigation and hackle ancient freedom concepts of Greek and Roman,theology of Middle Ages,Renaissance,the period of Western Bourgeoisie revolution (Modern Philosophy),this articleand briefly each period of freedom thought about the basic content and effects,in order to provides a broad vision interpretation on which Marxist philosophy,Russia religious philosophy of the origin,content and features.According to Marxist philosophy,freedom is unified by nature,society and history of objective necessity and people’s subjective initiative.Inner attribute of freedom,is the unity of nature,social and human itself,is the unity of subjective and objective factors and objective conditions,is the unity of the true,the kind and the beauty.Marxist philosophy points out that freedom cannot be separated from the human society practical activity,freedom is the based on practice and accomplished by subject and object completely unified,realized freedom concept of the historic transformation.Russian religious philosophy is a unique philosophical morphology,is oriental and western (Eurasian) civilization contradictive product.By analyzed emphatically Berdyaev free thought of Russian religious philosophy representative figure,freedom is the nature of man,freedom is obligation of man,etc.kinds of free fates thoughts,gives prominences to Russian freligious philosophy" freedom "ontological status and the significance of spiritual freedom.Through the comparative analysis,Marxist philosophy and Russian freligious philosophy both accepted spirit surmounting and rationalism criticizing,the main differences:freedom of Russian freligious philosophy with the spiritual freedom as a foundation,freedom of Marxist philosophy based on practical freedom. The Soviet union Marxist philosophy ideology and politics "kidnap" lose the nature of philosophy,both the characters of Russian nationality and social culture in Russian religious traditions are entrenched,and the spirit of Russian nationality has the two polarities"either this or that",make the Soviet Marxist philosophy not effectively solving realistic problems,by Russian intellectuals(including was used as a Marxist religious philosopher) with relentless abandon,indifference alienation,make the Soviet union Marxist philosophy not effectively solving realistic problems,in the Soviet union political turmoil,lost official philosophical status and become a philosophical school.更多还原