【作者】 刘颖；

【导师】 田增；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁大学 ， 环境与资源保护法学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 过去,基于人们对环境污染问题缺乏系统认识以及我国长期实行的城乡二元结构体制,城市水污染一直被认为是水污染控制的主要对象。由于城市水污染的集中性与人们对城市水污染的重视,对城市水污染的治理措施通常都能取得较好的效果,但全国水质状况并未得到根本好转,甚至有进一步恶化的趋势,所以仅仅加大对城市水污染控制而忽视对农村水污染的防治根本不能扭转当前全国水污染日益严峻的现状。随着我国现代农业的发展以及农村城市化的迅速推进,农村水污染的污染源除了传统的农业面源污染的加剧和农村生活污水垃圾增多外,还增加了新的污染源,即乡镇企业污染与畜禽养殖污染。因为农村水环境污染本身所具有的一系列特征,如分散性等,所以城市水污染防治的一些措施很难适应于农村水污染的防治。在我国城乡二元结构体制的背景下,我国存在环境不正义,无论在制度资源的配置、环境信息的获取上,还是在政府对农村水污染防治方面资金投入以及思想认识等方面,都存在着以城市为重心的做法而忽视农村水污染的治理。就农村水污染防治方面,对几个发达国家的相关立法及经验进行分析与总结,各国一致认为:农村水污染防治涉及法律、政策、技术等多个层面,其中法律手段应处于核心地位,其他手段辅助。所以说,控制农村水污染首先要做到立法先行,颁布的法律法规要注重协调性与配套性,最主要的是要有可操作性与针对性,使农村水污染防治在实践中真正做到“有法可依”。我国涉及到农村水污染的法律、法规与规范性文件近几年出台不少,对于农村水污染防治也起到了一定的作用。但是,关于农村水污染防治在立法上还存在许多的不足和缺陷:比如在立法思想上以城市水污染防治为中心;专门针对农村水污染特征的立法存在空白;现行环境管理体制的不合理设置。在重构我国农村水污染防治立法的过程中,笔者认为首先应当修正环境基本法中以城市为中心的立法思想,实现农村的可持续发展。在立法模式上,采用混合立法模式,即针对农村水污染的特征,不断完善《水污染防治法》中关于农村水污染防治的法律规定,然后依据时宜,针对农村水污染的各个不同污染源,制定不同的法规及配套细则、标准。针对农村水污染特征及我国国情,确立农村水污染防治的立法理念,即“统筹消除贫困与可持续发展”与“统筹城乡环境保护”,制定针对农村水污染的专门法律制度,比如:农村水环境保护经济激励制度、农村生活饮用水水源保护制度、农村法律援助制度等。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the past, based on people to environment pollution problem lacks systematic understanding as well as China’s long-term practice of urban-rural dual structure system, of urban water pollution has been regarded as the main object of the water pollution control, China takes a series of measures of urban water pollution are key harnessing and has achieved good control, but the national water quality conditions did not get better, have even further deterioration trend, so only increase of urban water pollution control cannot fundamentally eliminate serious water pollution situation at present. With the rapid development of our economy and urbanization of rapidly advancing, rural water pollution sources in addition to the traditional agricultural non-point pollution rising and the rural domestic sewage rubbish increasing outside, still added new sources of pollution, namely the town enterprise pollution and raising livestock pollution. Due to the rural water pollution has the dispersion, universality, concealment, difficult to monitor characterized, which makes the rural water pollution prevention and control should be different from city water pollution prevention. In China’s urban-rural dual structure system under the background of existing circumstances not justice, China, no matter in system resource allocation, environmental information acquisition, or in the government of rural water pollution prevention aspects capital input and ideological understanding, etc, there are focusing on urban practice and ignore the rural water pollution control.Of rural water pollution prevention has relatively successful experience of several developed countries the expedition, countries adopt measures have in common is that they agreed that rural water pollution is a involving policies, laws, technology and so on many levels of complex system, so must exploit market, the economy, the policy and law means multi-pronged approach. We synthetically harness, including legal means and is in the key position, and other means of AIDS. Control rural water pollution should accomplish above all legislation organically, regulations should pay attention to coordination and sex, the main reason is must have the maneuverability and pertinence, make the countryside of water pollution prevention in practice truly "work".China involves rural water pollution laws, regulations and normative documents issued in recent years, many also for rural water pollution prevention also play a role. But, on rural water pollution prevention in legislation still exists many defects and faults: For instance in legislative ideology with urban water pollution prevention and control for the center, Specializing in rural water pollution characteristics of legislation has blank, Current environment management system of unreasonable setup.In reconstructing China’s rural water pollution prevention legislation process, the author thinks that we should first fixed environment preservedintact with city as the center of the legislative idea to realize the sustainable development. In the legislative mode, the hybrid legislative model, namely, aiming at characteristics of rural water pollution, and constantly improve the water pollution prevention of about rural water pollution prevention in the law, then based on inappropriate for rural water pollution, the different source, for different regulations and affiliated regulations, standards. For rural water pollution features and China’s national conditions, establish, different from the general environmental law principle of "overall plans eliminate poverty and sustainable development principle" and "the coordination of urban and rural environmental protection principle", developing the rural water pollution of specialized legal system, such as: rural environmental protection economic incentive system, and the rural living and drinking water source protection system, rural legal aid system, etc.更多还原