【作者】 安俊波；

【导师】 温新明；

【作者基本信息】 石河子大学 ， 农业水土工程， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 水资源短缺已严重制约新疆绿洲农业乃至整个国民经济可持续发展。节水灌溉技术的应用对于对水资源的依赖严重的新疆地区有着重大而深远的影响。近年来,节水灌溉技术在新疆农业生产中发展迅速,在棉花生产中,尤其以膜下滴灌技术推广最为普及,但随之产生的残膜污染问题严重影响新疆农业的可持续发展。与膜下滴灌技术相比,地下滴灌技术由于浅层干燥土壤将以下湿润土壤与干燥空气相隔离,无需采用覆膜技术就达到抑制蒸发的目的,从而不存在白色污染问题,成为新疆大面积棉花种植的最佳搭档。但滴头堵塞、灌水均匀度及可靠性、作物出苗及幼苗期灌溉成为阻碍地下滴灌大面积应用推广的三大难题,因此本论文提出将棉花无膜移栽技术与地下滴灌技术相结合,形成一种新的集成创新技术——无膜移栽地下滴灌技术,本论文通过2年的栽培试验,求证该技术的可行性,并对无膜移栽地下滴灌棉花耗水规律进行研究,初步确定了适合于北疆的无膜移栽地下滴灌灌溉制度。本文的主要结论及研究成果如下:(1)通过对不同栽培处理棉花各个生育期各项生态参数的详细比较,认为育苗移栽技术对地下滴灌棉花的生长发育具有积极的促进作用,有利于在保持地下滴灌较高水分利用率的基础上继续提高棉花产量和水分生产率;棉花移栽不采用薄膜覆盖对地下滴灌棉花影响不大,甚至有增产和提高籽棉品质的作用。无膜移栽技术与地下滴灌技术相结合应用于新疆棉花生产具有较大的节水效益、增产效益和环境效益。(2)采用450～488 mm的中大定额并实施多次频繁灌水利于棉花主干生长、叶片发育、现蕾、开花、结铃和吐絮较多较早发育,从而利于棉花稳定获得较高的产量。(3)从苗期到吐絮期,耗水土层均有不同程度的加深,不同灌溉定额对无膜移栽地下滴灌棉花不同生育期不同土层含水率动态变化的影响明显,小的灌溉定额会促使棉花耗水土层的深入;对于无膜移栽地下滴灌棉花全生育期的耗水规律,各个处理均呈现耗水强度先增大后减小的规律;不同的灌水次数对灌溉定额较高的小区土壤含水率变化影响较大,对灌溉定额较低的小区土壤含水率变化影响较小,且主要影响浅层土壤的含水量变化;不同灌水次数对各个灌水定额处理小区棉花耗水规律的影响主要在蕾期。(4)分别以灌水定额和棉花蒸发蒸腾量为自变量建立了无膜移栽地下滴灌棉花全生育期水分生产函数模型,并选用最优模型进行求解比较,得到无膜移栽地下滴灌棉花主要耗水生育期最优灌水定额为473mm,再根据前期不同灌水定额处理下土壤水分动态变化及棉花的生理生态指标的综合比较,确定灌水次数为16次,最终确立无膜移栽地下滴灌棉花初步的节水灌溉制度(如表6-4)。更多还原

【Abstract】 Abstract: The shortage of water resources in Xinjiang has become seriously restricted the oasis agriculture and the whole national economy sustainable development. The application of water-saving irrigation technologies for water resources in Xinjiang region on serious has a significant and profound influence. In recent years, water-saving irrigation technologies in Xinjiang agricultural production in developing rapidly, in cotton production, especially under-film drip irrigation technology promotion, but most popular film of the resulting contamination problem seriously affect the sustainable development of agriculture in Xinjiang. Compared with under-film drip irrigation technique, subsurface drip irrigation technology because of lower moist soil and shallow dry soil isolated from the dry air, without using film will achieve the purpose of inhibiting evaporation, plastic mulch pollution problem does not exist, thus being the best partner in xinjiang cotton planting area. But the clogging of emitters, eliability and uniformity of dropping, and seedling emergence and seedling stage are the three problems of obstacling to popularize SDI in large area. This paper put forward cotton transplanting without film techniques is combined SDI technology formed a new integrated innovation technology—no film transplanting SDI. With 2 years cultivation experiment, this essay confirmed the feasibility of this technology, and the water consuming law of no film transplanting subsurface drip irrigation cotton, no film transplanting subsurface drip irrigation schedule suitable for north of Xinjiang is determined primarily.The main conclusions and research achievements are as follows:(1) According to the different stages of cotton cultivation processing various ecological parameters of each detail, think of seedling transplanting techniques of subsurface drip cotton growth has positive function to maintain high in subsurface drip irrigation water utilization efficiency on the basis of cotton yield and water to improve productivity. Cotton transplanting not using drip irrigation underground mulch, even a little cotton seed cotton yield and improve quality. No film transplanting techniques in subsurface drip irrigation technology combining application in xinjiang cotton production efficiency, with the increase of water-saving and environmental benefits.(2) Using 450-488 mm of large and many frequent irrigation quota for cotton growth, leaf development, main budding, flowering, boll early and open bolls more, thus contributing to the development of cotton stable gains a higher yield.(3) From seedling to open bolls stage, water consuming layer is deeper in different degree, different irrigation quota of no film transplanting SDI cotton at different stages of dynamic changes of different soil moisture content, the influence of small water irrigation quota will prompt the deep layer of cotton. For the whole growth period water consuming law of no film transplanting SDI cotton, different treatments are presented the law of first strength and minish later; The influence of different irrigation frequency for high irrigation quota of soil moisture Dynamic variation is larger, it is smaller to the lower irrigation quota , the main variation affect the moisture changes in shallow soil; The influence of different irrigation frequency of each irrigation quota processing district cotton water consuming law is mostly on buding stage.(4) Respectively by irrigation quota and cotton evapotranspiration calculated as the independent variable is set no film transplanting SDI cotton production function model of the whole growth moisture, and selects the optimal solution is obtained, and no film transplanting subsurface drip irrigation water to cotton plant growth optimal irrigation quota for 473mm, according to the different irrigation quota processing soil moisture dynamic changes of physiological and ecological index of cotton, irrigation frequency for 16 times, finally established without film transplanting SDI cotton yield of optimal initial water-saving irrigation SchedulE (such as table 6-4).更多还原