【作者】 胡欣婕；

【导师】 吕季东；

【作者基本信息】 上海体育学院 ， 体育教育训练学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 运动实践证明,跳高运动员专项运动技术、专项动作速度受专项力量影响较大。专项力量训练水平可以衡量、评价运动员运动训练水平、竞技能力水平的高低。科学、合理地发展专项力量训练可以有效地提高运动员竞技能力和专项成绩。本文旨在探讨利用运动学测量分析系统与电生理学表面肌电图等手段对斜板起跳练习起跳腿缓冲、蹬伸技术环节的肌肉用力特征结合跳高起跳技术特征进行对比分析,找出与跳高起跳肌肉用力特征的异同点,为以后针对性的采取有效的训练方法和手段,从而巩固技术,发展专项所需力量,使神经肌肉之间的协调更趋完善,取得理想的训练效果提供依据。本文选取4名一级跳高运动员为测试对象,采用Motion Pro X-4型高速摄像机和BIOVISION肌电采集系统同步测试,对跳高运动员利用斜板起跳练习起跳腿缓冲、蹬伸技术环节运动学及肌肉表面肌电图进行研究,并与跳高专项作对比,评价现有训练手段。本研究得出以下结论和建议:1.利用斜板进行起跳练习起跳腿三个关节角度都有“先缩小再增大”的趋势,伸肌群完成的是“拉长—缩短周期”收缩,基本上与跳高专项一致,符合专项力量训练要求。2.利用斜板起跳练习起跳时间缩短,起跳过程重心垂直速度、合速度均比跳高起跳大。斜板起跳起跳腿着地瞬间重心垂直速度出现正值,对于斜板起跳训练的作用要一分为二地看,一方面可以锻炼运动员快速起跳的感觉,另一方面对跳高起跳缓冲训练不太有利。3.利用斜板起跳练习相比跳高起跳髋关节和膝关节变化幅度小,踝关节变化幅度较大。该手段对加强踝关节力量练习有益。4.利用斜板起跳练习起跳腿各肌肉做功与跳高起跳腿各肌肉做功差异不大,基本上与跳高专项存在相一致的趋势。都均为股外侧肌、股内侧肌肉和胫骨前肌做功最为明显,股二头肌、比目鱼肌、腓肠肌次之,股直肌相对较小。5.利用斜板起跳练习和跳高起跳肌肉活动时序各不相同,受试者在起跳过程肌肉活动存在个体特点。建议:1.利用斜板起跳练习符合跳高专项力量训练要求。教练员可以根据运动员的特点,有针对性的进行斜板起跳力量训练,提高运动员重心垂直速度、快速起跳能力,锻炼起跳腿各肌肉间的协调。2.对跳高表面肌电的研究现在国内开展的很少,并没有根据项目特点形成一套行之有效的分析方法。在数据的截取和分析上仍需要更多的探讨。由于受试者个人运动技术差异、被试皮下脂肪厚度、气温等诸多因素的影响,所测肌肉活动时序各不相同,受试者在起跳过程肌肉活动存在个体特点。教练员应根据运动员个体差异分析运动员个体特点,找到适合的训练方法,做到因人施训。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is proved by exercise practice that, the technique and movement speed of high-jump athletes are both affected markedly by special strength. The level of special strength training can be the criterion of the athletes’training and competitive competence level. In this essay, we adopt the instrument of Sports measure and analyze system and electrophysiological surface electro-muscle-graph, to do research on the muscle character in the taking-off process from the springboard, especially the muscle character of taking off leg during the period of bending and stretching. At the same time, we make a comparison between this and the technical character of high-jump taking-off skills to find the similarities and differences between them. As a result, we can provide evidences for further works, such as applying effective specific training methods, solidifying skills, developing special strength, consummating the cooperation of nerve and muscle, and maximizing the training effect.In this essay, we choose 4 top-ranking high-jump athletes as our researching objects. We apply Motion Pro X-4 high speed vidicon and BIOVISION electro-muscle collecting system to do research on the objects’movement and the surface electro-muscle-graph of their muscle during the period of taking off leg’s bending and stretching in taking-off process from the springboard. We compare this with high-jump movement and try to make some comments on the training methods.The conclusions and suggestions are as follows:1. In the taking-off training on diagonal springboard, the angle of those 3 articulations on the taking-off leg has a trend of“first lessen then increase”. The extensor group completes a shrink of“stretch-shorten-ening cycle”, which likes the high-jump exercise. We can draw a conclusion from this that, the training can meet the needs of special strength exercitation.2. The taking-off time is shortened by diagonal springboard, meanwhile, during the taking-off process, the barycenter’s vertical speed and whole speed is faster than high-jump taking-off. But the taking-off leg’s vertical speed is positive when it touches the ground. As a result, we should make it clear that, the advantage of diagonal springboard is giving the athletes the feeling of fast taking-off, and the disadvantage of it is the side effect on high-jump taking-off cushion training.3. Comparing with high-jump taking-off training, the diagonal springboard taking-off training can reduce the joint angle’s change extent of coxa joint and knee, and rise the anklebone’s, which can do good to the training on anklebone’s strength.4. The muscle works similarly in diagonal springboard taking-off and high-jump taking-off process, that is to say, the vastus laterals, vastus medialis and tibialis anterior muscle works the most, and the biceps femoris, soleus, gastrocnemius second, followed by the rectus femoris.5. The sequences of muscle’s movement in diagonal springboard taking-off and high-jump taking-off training are different, and different objects have different characters in their muscle movements.Suggestions:1. The diagonal springboard taking-off practice can meet the requirement of high-jump special strength training. The coaches can train the athletes in this way according to their characters, in order to develop their barycenter’s vertical speed, ability of fast taking-off and cooperation between muscles of taking-off leg.2. Nowadays in China, there are few researches done on high-jump surface electro-muscle, as a result, there isn’t an effective way to analyze this item. What’s more, we should discuss more on the statistics’acquiring and analyzing. Because of the influences by the objects’skills, their thickness of fat under skin, the temperature and so on, the sequences and individual characters of muscle movements are different. In conclusion, the coaches must train the athletes in appropriate ways according to their characters.更多还原