试论国家在法律援助中的责任

【作者】 颜建国；

【导师】 杨心宇；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 法律， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 法律援助是国家促进正义实现的一部分。我国的法律援助自1994年开始试点以来,取得了巨大成绩,已经成为困难群众寻求法律帮助的重要渠道。然而由于种种原因,法律援助的实施状况仍然不十分理想,突出表现在经费投入不足和服务质量不高两个方面。问题的背后是理论认识的缺陷,特别是对法律援助责任主体和实施主体的关系缺乏正确的认识。本文从法律援助的历史发展和实施状况入手,对国家在法律援助特别是民事法律援助中应当承担的责任进行分析和说明,并针对该制度在实施中出现的问题,从法理的角度,结合国内外行之有效的经验和做法,提出完善我国法律援助制度的建议。全文共分为四章：第一章是法律援助概述。分析了法律援助的概念和性质、法律援助的特征和类型比较；阐述了法律援助的性质在西方的发展演变过程,揭示了国家在各种性质下所承担的不同责任；论证了民事法律援助和刑事法律援助之间的关系,并认为两者的根本区别在于,国家所承担的责任限度和层次不同。第二章是我国的民事法律援助。分析了我国民事法律援助的发展历程,归纳出各个时期的阶段特征,阐述了国家在各个阶段责任承担的情况和特点；分析了我国民事法律援助的立法状况,特别是宪法第33条中关于平等和人权的内容；分析了我国民事法律援助的运行状况,并对其中的一些规定作了说明。第三章是法律援助的国家职能。第一节从人权、平等、法治、正义原则出来,论述法律援助与这些价值的关系,为国家发挥法律援助职能提供法理基础；第二节论述了国家开展法律援助的必要性,重点对法律援助的责任主体与实施主体的区别和联系作了说明,突出国家在法律援助中的责任。第四章是我国法律援助制度的问题和完善。第一节是对存在问题的分析,阐述了经费保障和服务质量问题；第二节是我国法律援助制度的完善,论述了法律援助各方参与中国家责任与律师义务的关系,并分别论述了权力机关、司法机关、行政机关的各自责任,提出了权力机关制定法律援助法、司法机关减免诉讼费用和承担告知义务、行政机关加大经费投入和建立公职律师队伍的建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Legal aid is part of the promotion of justice of the State. Legal Aid in China started a pilot since 1994, has made great achievements, and become an important channel for the weakness to seek legal help. However, due to various reasons, the status of implementation of legal aid is still not very good, highlighted in the shortage of the fund and quality of service is not high. Behind the problem is theoretical defect, especially lack a correct understanding on the relationship between the subject of implementation and the subject of implementation.In this thesis, I will start from the development of history and the state of implementation of legal aid, and make analysis and description of the nation’s responsibility in legal help, especially in the civil legal aid. I will advance a suggestion on how to improve the legal aid system of our country from a jurisprudence point of view, combined with the effective experience and practice from China and abroad.The thesis consists of four chapters.Chapter 1, the summary of legal aid. I will analyze the concept, character, and feature, comparison of different types of legal aid, the development and evolution of the character of legal aid in the west. I will disclose different responsibilities of China under various characters. I will demonstrate the relationship between civil legal aid and criminal legal aid, and give the contention that the fundamental difference between the two is the difference between Limitation of Liability and level undertaken by the state.Chapter 2, civil legal aid. I will analyze the history of the development of the civil legal aid, summarize the feature of it in each period, and describe the circumstances of responsibilities undertaken by the state in each period. I will describe the state of legislation of civil legal aid, especially the content of equality and human rights in article 33 in Constitution. Also, I will make instructions of some of the stipulations.Chapter 3, the state’s function of legal aid. Part 1, I’ll begin with the description of the four principals of human rights, equality, the rule of law and justice, and analyze the relationship between legal aid and these principals which will provide the state function of legal aid with the basis of jurisprudence. Part 2, I’ll demonstrate the necessaries of the practice of legal aid by the state, and especially, I will stress on the difference between subject of implementation and the subject of implementation. I will point out the importance of the state responsibilities in legal aid.Chapter 4, the problem and improvement of legal aid system. Part 1, I will analyze the existent problem of the indemnity of fund and the quality of service. Part 2, I’ll describe the improvements of legal aid system of our country; demonstrate the relationship between the state’s responsibilities and lawyers’ obligations. At last, I will suggestions on the following aspects of enacting Legal Aid Act, reducing the cost of litigation, bearing obligation of informing, increasing input, and establishing the public lawyers.更多还原